Medieval times

·

Bulgars kill the governor of Thessaloniki Duke Gregory Taronites.

·

Khan Omurtag of Bulgaria, from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes.

·

Khazar warrior with prisoner.

Notes and references

Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Pleaseimprove this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (January 2013)

1. ^ Brigitte Moser, Michael Wilhelm Weithmann, Landeskunde Türkei: Geschichte, Gesellschaft und Kultur, Buske Publishing, 2008, p.173

2. ^ Deutsches Orient-Institut, Orient, Vol. 41, Alfred Röper Publushing, 2000, p.611

3. ^ [1], Milliyet, 22 March 2007. (Turkish)

4. ^ United States, CIA World Factbook.

5. ^ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8

6. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html#People CIA World Factbook Turkmenistan

7. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html

8. ^ "Results / General results of the census / National composition of population". All-Ukrainian Census, 2001. December 5 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-05.

9. ^ ^ab Turkic people, Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition, 2010

10. ^ "Timur", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–05, Columbia University Press.

11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica article: Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids, Online Edition, 2007.

12. ^ ^ab Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments

13. ^ ^ab Bilge Kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIGKhöshöö Tsaidam Monuments

14. ^ Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG Bain Tsokto Monument

15. ^ 卷099 列傳第八十七突厥鐵勒- 新亞研究所- 典籍資料庫

16. ^ The Turkmen

17. ^ Peter B. Golden, Introduction to the History of the Turkic People, p.12

18. ^ Ibid., p.116

19. ^ German Archaeological Institute. Department Teheran, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Vol. 19, Dietrich Reimer, 1986, p.90

20. ^

· Golden, Peter B. "Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples". (2006) In: Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press.[2].

quote:"The ethnonym "Turk" has similar connections. The Chinese form, "T'u-chùeh" < 'T'uat-kiwat reflects "Turkut", the plural form, as we have noted. This plural in –t could be Altaic. It is common in Mongol, rare in Old Turkic, and usually found in titles taken from the Jou-jan (e.g., tegin, tegit) —who, it is believed, but not universally, were speakers of some Proto-Mongolian Ianguage (they contained Hsiun-pi [Proto-Mongolian] and Hsiung-nu elements; Janhunen [1996,190], however, recently asserted a possible Turkic affiliation). It might also be Soghdian or some other Iranian tongue. In the earliest inscription from the Tùrk empire, the Bugut Inscription, which is written in Soghdian, not Turkic, we find trwkt ' ‘sy-ns’: Turkit / Turukit Ashinas (Mori-yasu and Ochir 1999,123). The Sui-shu tells us that the name "Tûrk" in their own tongue means "helmet" and that it comes from the fact that the Altay région, where we find the Tùrks at the time in which they form their empire, looks like a helmet. "The people call it a 'helmet,' t'u-chiïeh; therefore, they cail themselves by this name" (Liu 1958,1: 40). This is a folk etymology, and there is no attested Turkic form of "Tùrk" meaning "helmet." As Rôna-Tas has pointed out, however, there is a Khotancse-Saka word, tturaka, meaning "lid" (1999,278–281). It is not a serious semantic stretch to "helmet." Subsequently, "Tùrk" would find a suitable Turkic etymology, being conflated with the word tùrk, which means one in the prime of youth, powerful, mighty" (Rona-Tas 1991,10-13). It seems hard to avoid the conclusion that the Tùrks, per se, had strong connections with — if not ultimate origins in — Irano-Tocharian east Turkistan. They, or at least the Ashina, were migrants to southern Siberia-northern Mongolia, where we seem to find the major concentration of Turkic-speaking peoples. There are a considarable number of Tocharian and Iranian loan words in Old Turkic — although a good number of these may have been acquired, especially in the case of Soghdian terms, during the Tùrk impérial period, when the Soghdians were a subject people, an important mercantile-commercial element in the Tùrk state, and culture-bearers across Eurasia. It also should be noted here that the early Tùrk rulers bore names of non-Turkic origin. The founders of the state are Bumïn (d. 552) and his brother Ishtemi (552-575), the Yabghu Qaghan, who governed the western part of the realm. Among their successors are 'Muqan/Mughan/Mahân/Muhân (553–572), Tas(t)par (572 -581), and Nivar/Nâbàr/Nawâr (581-587). None of these names is Turkic (Golden 1992,121–122; Rybatzki 2000.206-221)."

· András Róna-Tas, Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history, Central European University Press, 1999,

PP 281:"We can now reconstruct the history of the ethnic name Turk as follows. The word is of East Iranian, most probably Saka, origin, and is the name of a ruling tribe whose leading clan Ashina conquered the Turks, reorganized them, but itself became rapidly Turkified"

21. ^ (Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/ izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27-28, 1984, pp.17

22. ^ Murat Ocak, The Turks: Early ages, Yeni Türkiye, 2002

23. ^ Faruk Suümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization, Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p.16)

24. ^ American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition - "Turk"". bartleby.com. Retrieved 2006-12-07.

25. ^ ^ab G. Moravcsik, "Byzantinoturcica" II, p. 236–39

26. ^ Jean-Paul Roux, " Historie des Turks – Deux mille ans du Pacifique á la Méditerranée ". Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2000.

27. ^ Peter Zieme: The Old Turkish Empires in Mongolia. In: Genghis Khan and his heirs. The Empire of the Mongols. Special tape for Exhibition 2005/2006, p.64

28. ^ ^ab Findley (2005), p. 29.

29. ^ 丁零—铁勒的西迁及其所建西域政权

30. ^ "Etienne de la Vaissiere", Encyclopædia Iranica article:Sogdian Trade, 1 December 2004.

31. ^ ^abcdef Carter V. Findley, The Turks in World History, (Oxford University Press, October 2004) ISBN 0-19-517726-6

32. ^ Silk-Road:Xiongnu

33. ^ Yeni Türkiye

34. ^ The Rise of the Turkic People

35. ^ Early Turkish History

36. ^ "An outline of Turkish History until 1923."

37. ^ Lebedynsky (2006), p. 59.

38. ^ Beckwith (2009), pp. 72–73 and 404–405, nn. 51–52.

39. ^ Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 August; 73(2): 247–260.

40. ^ Nancy Touchette Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave "Skeletons from the most recent graves also contained DNA sequences similar to those in people from present-day Turkey. This supports other studies indicating that Turkic tribes originated at least in part in Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period."

41. ^ MA Li-qing On the new evidence on Xiongnu's writings.(Wanfang Data: Digital Periodicals, 2004)

42. ^ Paola Demattè Writing the Landscape: the Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province (China). (Paper presented at the First International Conference of Eurasian Archaeology, University of Chicago, 3–4 May 2002.)

43. ^ N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 6, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4

44. ^ Chinese History – The Xiongnu

45. ^ G. Pulleyblank, "The Consonantal System of Old Chinese: Part II", Asia Major n.s. 9 (1963) 206–65

46. ^ The Origins of the Huns

47. ^ Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973

48. ^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns

49. ^ Josh Burk, "The Middle East and Its Origins" p.45"

50. ^ Johnson, Mark "Turkic roots its origins" p.43

51. ^ Moses Parkson, "Ottoman Empire and its past life" p.98

52. ^ The Pechenegs, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy

53. ^ ^ab Encyclopædia Britannica Article:Mughal Dynasty

54. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Article:Babur

55. ^ the Mughal dynasty

56. ^ When the Moguls Ruled India...

57. ^ Babur: Encyclopædia Britannica Article

58. ^ Tamara Sonn. A Brief History of Islam, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, p. 83, ISBN 1-4051-0900-9

59. ^ É. Á. Csató, B. Isaksson, C Jahani. Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, 2004, p. 228, ISBN 0-415-30804-6.

60. ^ "Peoples of Iran" Encyclopædia Iranica. RN Frye.

61. ^ Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-521-04251-8, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 Check |isbn= value (help). " qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times "

62. ^ E. Yarshater, "Iran",. Encyclopædia Iranica. "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified. "

63. ^ John L. Esposito, The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University Press US, 1999. pp 364: "To support their legitimacy, the Safavid dynasty of Iran (1501-1732) devoted a cultural policy to estbalish their regime as the reconstruction of the historic Iranian monarchy. To the end, they commissioned elaborate copies of the Shahnameh, the Iranian national epic, such as this one made for Tahmasp in the 1520s."

64. ^ Ira Marvin Lapidus, A history of Islamic Societies, Cambridge University Press, 2002, 2nd edition. pg 445: To bolster the prestige of the state, the Safavid dynasty sponsered an Iran-Islamic style of culture concentrating on court poetry, painting, and monumental architecture that symbolized not only the Islamic credentials of the state but also the glory of the ancient Persian traditions."

65. ^ Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.

66. ^ Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.

67. ^ Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.

68. ^ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).

69. ^ RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.

70. ^ Cambridge History of Iran Volume 7, pp.2-4

71. ^ Foster, John (1939). The Church of the Tang Dynasty. Macmillan. p. 13.

72. ^ Turkic Language family tree entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking populations and regions.

73. ^ ^ab Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-415-25004-7.

74. ^ Across Central Asia, a New Bond Grows – Iron Curtain's Fall Has Spawned a Convergence for Descendants of Turkic Nomad Hordes

75. ^ Milliyet (in Turkish). 2008-06-06http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16 |url= missing title (help). Retrieved 2008-06-07.

76. ^ Substantial numbers (possibly several millions) of maghrebis of the former Ottoman colonies in North Africa are of Ottoman Turkish descent. Finnish Tatars

77. ^ The Karakalpak Gene Pool (Spencer Wells, 2001); and discussion and conclusions at www.karakalpak.com/genetics.html

78. ^ Turkic people, Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Edition, 2008

79. ^ Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal, М., 1983, p. 44

80. ^ ^ab Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Altaic". Retrieved 2007-03-18.

81. ^ Georg, S., Michalove, P.A., Manaster Ramer, A., Sidwell, P.J.: "Telling general linguists about Altaic", Journal of Linguistics 35 (1999): 65–98 Online abstract and link to free pdf

82. ^ Turkic peoples, Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition, 2008

83. ^ Language Family Trees: Altaic

84. ^ Altaic Language Family Tree Ethnologue report for Altaic.

85. ^ Ethnographic maps

86. ^ 论回鹘佛教与摩尼教的激荡

87. ^ 关于回鹘摩尼教史的几个问题

88. ^ 藏传佛教对回鹘的影响

89. ^ 元明时期的新疆藏传佛教

90. ^ 汉传佛教对回鹘的影响

91. ^ 回鹘文《陶师本生》及其特点

92. ^ 回鹘观音信仰考

93. ^ Maitreya Worship among the Uighurs

94. ^ Guide to Russia:Chuvash

95. ^ 景教艺术在西域之发现

96. ^ 高昌回鹘与环塔里木多元文化的融合

97. ^ 唐代中围景教与景教本部教会的关系

98. ^ 景教在西域的传播

99. ^ 吐鲁番回鹘人的宗教流变

100. ^ 7-11 世紀景教在陸上絲綢之路的傳播

· Golden, Peter B. " Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples ". (2006) In: Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. Pp. 136–157. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4; ISBN 0-8248-2884-4

Further reading and references

· Alpamysh, H.B. Paksoy: Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule (Hartford: AACAR, 1989)

· Amanjolov A.S., "History of тhe Ancient Turkic Script", Almaty, "Mektep", 2003, ISBN 9965-16-204-2

· Baichorov S.Ya., "Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe", Stavropol, 1989 (In Russian)

· Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (In Russian).

· Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009): Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.

· Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0.

· Chavannes, Édouard (1900): Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.

· Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

· Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

· Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8; ISBN 0-19-517726-6 (pbk.)

· Golden, Peter B. An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East, (Otto Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden) 1992) ISBN 3-447-03274-X

· Heywood, Colin. The Turks (The Peoples of Europe), (Blackwell 2005), ISBN 978-0-631-15897-4.

· Hostler, Charles Warren. The Turks of Central Asia, (Greenwood Press, November 1993), ISBN 0-275-93931-6.

· Ishjatms N., "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4.

· Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.

· Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125. Classification of Turkic languages

· Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 September. 2007. Turkic languages: Linguistic history.

· Kyzlasov I.L., "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, ISBN 5-02-017741-5.

· Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006). Les Saces: Les «Scythes» d'Asie, VIII^e siècle apr. J.-C. Editions Errance, Paris. ISBN 2-87772-337-2.

· Malov S.E., "Monuments of the ancient Turkic inscriptions. Texts and research", M.-L., 1951 (In Russian).

· Mukhamadiev A., "Turanian Writing", in "Problems Of Lingo-Ethno-History Of The Tatar People", Kazan, 1995, ISBN 5-201-08300 (Азгар Мухамадиев, "Туранская Письменность", "Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа", Казань, 1995. с.38), ISBN 5-201-08300, (in Russian)

· Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

· Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2

· Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.

· Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.

· Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal. М., 1983, (In Russian)

· Vasiliev D.D. Corpus of Turkic runiform monuments in the basin of Enisei. М., 1983, (In Russian)

· Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.

See also

· Chigils Turks

· Shato

· Pan-Turanism

· Pan-Turkism

· Turkic languages

· Turkic migrations

· Turkic states and empires

· Turko-Iranian

· Turko-Persian tradition

· Turko-Mongol

· Turkology

· List of ethnic groups

· European ethnic groups

· Peoples of the Caucasus

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Turkic peoples

· Turkic Orkhon Inscriptions of Mongolia

· Turkic Republics, Regions, and Peoples: Resources – University of Michigan

· Turkic Cultures and Children's Festival, Turkic Fest

· Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 Edition

· turkicworld

· Ethnographic maps

· International Turcology and Turkish History Research Symposium

· Istanbul Kültür University

· Examples of traditional Turkish and Ottoman Clothing

· Türkçekent Orientaal's links for Turkish Language Learning

· Türkçestan Orientaal's links to Turkic languages

· Ural-Altaic-Sumerian Etymological Dictionary

· Crimean Tatar Internet Resources

· Nationwide game of Turks

· Crimean Tatar Web Site

· Kemal's Crimean Tatar Web Site with Crimean Tatar Language Resources

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