VII Practise asking questions. Ask all possible questions to the different members of the sentence.

Text A

I. Read and translate the text using the vocabulary

Ask a number of people what the word “engineering” conveys to them and you will be surprised at the differences in their answers.

The question is difficult to clarify in a few words, and precise definitions are difficult to find. Engineering is a profession concerned with the application of the universe to create devices, systems, and structures to satisfy the needs of mankind. This is a very general and not completely satisfactory definition.

The engineering courses fall in the general areas of mechanics of solids, properties of materials, mechanics of fluids, thermodynamics, electrical science, transfer and rate processes, and systems. Finally come the design courses which put it all together. It is this design discipline which exemplifies engineering in action, for it illustrates how engineers solve practical problems by applying their scientific knowledge and skills in the iterative decision-making process. This is how engineers adapt science to human needs.

The words scientist and engineer are frequently used interchangeably. In general, scientists are concerned with extending our knowledge about the fundamental laws of nature, while engineers apply these laws to practical problems.

Many engineers are conducting what might be called pure fundamental research, perhaps not directly associated with specific practical problems. The best we can do here is to recognize an ever-changing spectrum of activity ranging from the fundamental to the applied one. The range runs from pure science to engineering.

The implementation of engineering solutions is carried out by a variety of technicians who make, install, and maintain the so-called hardware itself, usually under some form of supervision. These people are often traditionally referred to as engineers, though today the word technician is more apt. Today the typical engineer is a college graduate, quite often with an advanced degree. He is engaged in some combination of research and engineering design or development or in other words with the creation of new things or the improvement of existing things. Central to his achievements is the process of design.

Vocabulary

Engineering- техніка, інженерно - будівельна сфера, машинобудування

at random- наугад

convey- виражати ідею (думку)

definition- визначення

concern- мати відношення

application- застосовування

create- творити, створювати

device- прилад, пристрій

fall in- розподілятися

solid- тверде тіло

property- властивість

fluid- рідина

transfer- перенос, передача

rate- темп, швидкість

exemplify- бути прикладом

in action- в дії

apply- застосувати

iterative- що повторюється

adapt- адаптувати, пристосовувати

frequently- часто

interchangeabl -взаємозамінюючий

conduct-проводити

research-дослідження

associate-асоціювати, пов'язувати

specific- особливий

recognize-розпізнавати

ever-changing-постійно змінюється

applied-прикладний

implementation-реалізація, втілення

solution-рішення

carry out-виконувати

variety-цілий ряд, багато

install-встановлювати

maintain-обслуговувати, ремонтувати

hardware-механічне устаткування

supervision-керівництво

be referred -(тут) називається

apt-підходящий

advanced-передовий, новітній

degree-вчений ступінь

be engaged-займатися (чимось)

development-розробка

creation-створення

improvement-удосконалення

existing-існуючий

achievement-досягнення

II Answer the following questions:

1. What is engineering as a problem?

2. What general areas do engineering courses fall in?

3. What are scientists and engineers concerned with?

4. Do engineers conduct fundamental research?

5. Who is the implementation of engineering carried out by?

6. What is an engineer engaged in?

7. Is the process of design in the centre of an engineer’s achievement?

III Match the words:

application - досягнення

device - конструювання

course - діяльність

design - створення

adapt - пристосовувати

law- закон

conduct- проводити

activity- курс

to be engaged – приймати участь

creation - прилад

achievement – застосування

IV Translate into English:

визначення, тверде тіло, прилад, темп, застосувати, проводити, прикладний, встановлювати, удосконалення, досягнення, створення, дослідження, відноситися, фундаментальний, курс.

V Translate into Ukrainian:

apt, advanced, degree, development, adapt, associate, recognize, application, install, hardware, maintain, supervision, fluid, frequently, solution.

VI Translate into English:

1. Ви будете здивовані їх відповідями.

2. Це узагальнене і повністю відповідне пояснення (визначення).

3. Вчені займаються розширенням наших знань щодо основних законів природи.

4. Діяльність інженера знаходиться у спектрі від фундаментальних до прикладних наук.

5. Поєднання наукових досліджень з інженерними розробками - це створення нових або удосконалення існуючих речей.

VII Practise asking questions. Ask all possible questions to the different members of the sentence.

1) Scientists are concerned with extending our knowledge about the fundamental laws of nature.

2) Today the typical engineer is college graduate, quite often with an advanced degree.

VIII Speak on the topic “Engineering”

IX Rendering

1. Read the text “Scientific and Technological Progress” and be ready to answer the following questions:

- What accelerates the development of civilization and helps us in our cooperation with nature?

- What is the domain of the scientists’ activity?

- What are the great inventions of the beginning of the 20-th century?

- How do we call the 20-th century?

- What era do we live in?

Дата добавления: 2015-10-31