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A B
1. use | 1. aim, goal |
2. construct | 2. demand |
3. rigid | 3. man-made |
4. excavate | 4. utilize, apply |
5. support | 5. build |
6. purpose | 6. dig |
7. shape | 7. back up |
8. artificial | 8. destroy |
9. collapse | 9. hard |
10. require | 10. form |
Match the words in A with their opposites in B. Write down the answers.
A B
1. advantage | 1. dead |
2. soft | 2. impossible |
3. live | 3. disadvantage |
4. artificial | 4. underground |
5. possible | 5. creation, generation |
6. ground | 6. natural |
7. collapse | 7. hard |
Give the definitions matching A with B.
A B
a tunnel shield | a tool that can rip through rock with ease |
a tunnel boring machine | an internal frame, used to support loose earth in a tunnel while digging |
a compressed air drill | a massive rock-chewing machine designed to carve through rock |
1.20. Summarize the text “Tools and Techniques” using expressions (page 67).
Translate one of the following texts in written form with a dictionary. Try to manage within 20-25 minutes.
Holland Tunnel
Location: New York, New York, and Jersey City, New Jersey, USA
Completion Date: 1927
Cost: $ 48 million
Purpose: Roadway
Setting: Underwater
Materials: Steel, concrete
Engineer(s): Clifford Holland
Holland Tunnel is а twin-tube tunnel under the Hudson River. The tunnel was completed in 1927 and opened for traffic оn November 13 of that year. It was named for Clifford М. Holland, the engineer who designed it. The north tube is 2,608 m long and the south tube 2,551 long. The roadway is 6.1 meters wide. The Holland Tunnel was one of the first major uses of a compressed air chamber for tunnel stability.
This tunnel is considered to be а notable engineering achievement because it solved the problem of ventilating а long vehicular tunnel. Engineer Clifford Holland came up with a brilliantly simple solution – big fans. Inside four massive ventilation buildings on both ends of the tunnel are 84 powerful electric fans that draw fresh air into the tunnel and blow dirty air out. Each fan is 80 feet in diameter.
Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower
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