Articulation basis of English

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ARTICULATION BASIS OF ENGLISH

is the summary of rules of articulation in English.

1. The tongue is tense.

2. The lips are tense, mostly neutral (flat articulation) or spread (with the lower teeth revealed).

3. The voiceless plosive consonants /p, t, k/ are pronounced with aspiration: take / teık /.

4. All consonants are hard except for /ʃ/ and /ʒ/. Palatalization is a mistake.

5. 12 forelingual consonants have apical articulation (are pronounced with the help of the tip of the tongue): /t, d, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, n, l, Ø, ð/, while in Ukrainian corresponding consonants are pronounced with the blade of the tongue.

6. Word-final voiced consonants are never devocalized, but they are weak: bag / bæ g /, sad / sæ d /. Word-final voiceless consonants are strong: ningt / naıt /, tape / teıp /.

7. The sonorants /m, n, l/ are tenser and longer than in Ukrainian. They are syllabic (form a syllable) after a stressed syllable and a consonant: table /teı bl / - 2 syl., prison /prı zn / - 2 syl.

PHONETICS is a branch of Linguistics, which studies speech sounds (their articulation, acoustic qualities and semantics) and intonation:

INTONATION

SOUNDS

PHONETICS

PHONEME is the smallest linguistic unit, which can differentiate the meaning and the grammar forms of words. There are 44 phonemes in English: 20 vowels and 24 consonants.

b e d /b e d/ – noun; a piece of furniture for sleeping in.

b a d /b æ d/ – adjective; not good.

ALLOPHONE is a material representation of the phoneme in speech. The number of allophones in a language is limitless:

/p/ – plosive;

acce p t – /p/ - plosionless allophone of the plosive /p/

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION is a sort of alphabet, in which each phoneme has its own symbol.