Soybean Demand

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Метод доступа простых детерминированных запросов с различным приоритетом (Demand Priority).

The demand for soybeans comes primarily from China, whose people have acquired a taste for soy-fed cattle. It is important to note that the United States soy trade has had little influence on South America’s production because the U.S. grows enough to meet its own demand. Nonetheless, the demand from the east has been vast enough to spur a 69% increase in Paraguay’s soy production over the past five years, making Paraguay the world’s third largest exporter of soy.

As land value rises in Paraguay, Brazilian and Argentine farmers with the funds and means to support large industry have been crossing the border into Paraguay. While Brazilian and Argentine farmers work to expand the soybean trade, they bring disastrous results as they clear land and extend production further and further and eventually across the border into eastern Paraguay. This influx of farmers has resulted in the displacement of tens of thousands of peasants and small farmers. These campesinos claim they have been unjustly uprooted by Brazilian and Argentine landowners.

This pattern has resulted in an obvious and disastrous gap in wealth in Paraguay. For example, 74% of the land in Paraguay is owned by 2% of population, which is a dramatic display of the unbalanced distribution of benefits that have come to Paraguay with the growth of the soy market. This problem grows worse and worse as small farmers are forced off their lands by highly mechanized soybean farms which need fewer laborers. The consequences for the native farmers are staggering, especially because now, of the current 600,000 soybean producers in Paraguay, only 24% are Paraguayan. While the industry is indeed bringing wealth and economic growth to an impoverished country, the livelihood of thousands of small farmers is threatened.

The Colorado party, which has ruled Paraguay for 62 years, has done little to aid these landless peasants. Little affirmative action has been taken and the government has mainly avoided the problem by using the military to squelch peasant riots. Reasons for the government's inaction may be due to the fact that democracy is only truly available to about 20% of the population.

While Paraguay reaps economic benefits at the expense of thousands of peasants, even more negative consequences arise from the result of the soybean trade. For example, this rapid increase in soybean cultivation has contributed to the destruction of the rainforest. This is especially terrible because the Amazon is currently the biggest source of fresh water, and provides countless economic benefits such as carbon absorption. ^[

Another problematic issue is the increased use of toxic-agro chemicals used on the soy farms. Many of these chemicals are polluting the earth and water sources simply because they are being overused or because the farmers are ill-educated about their effects and proper usage.

In addition to the environmental issues, eastern Paraguay has seen an increase of 400% in land value. This drastic change has spurred 30,000 landless peasants to invade neighboring lands. Many more subsistence farmers have begun migrating from the rural areas into cities, which have poverty rates of about 40%.

НУБіП України Ф-7.5-2.1.6-24

НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ

Факультет Педагогічний

Напрям підготовки Філологія (переклад)

Форма навчання денна

Семестр 4-6 Курс4

ОКР «Бакалавр»

Кафедра романо-германських мов і перекладу

Дисципліна Практика письмового та усного перекладу

Викладач Сидорук Г.І.

«Затверджую»

Завідувач кафедри (Ніколенко А. Г.)

«»2012 р.

12. Agriculture and Agricultural Science

The two terms are often confused. However, they cover different concepts:

· Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.

· Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based agriculture.

Agricultural sciences include research and development on:

· Production techniques (e.g., irrigation management, recommended nitrogen inputs)

· Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques)

· Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)

· Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)

· Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling

Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil and the USA.

Agricultural science began with Gregor Mendel's genetic work, but in modern terms might be better dated from the chemical fertilizer outputs of plant physiological understanding in eighteenth century Germany. In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term "agricultural science".

As the oldest and largest human intervention in nature, the environmental impact of agriculture in general and more recently intensive agriculture, industrial development, and population growth have raised many questions among agricultural scientists and have led to the development and emergence of new fields. These include technological fields that assume the solution to technological problems lies in better technology, such as integrated pest management, waste treatment technologies, landscape architecture, genomics, and agricultural philosophy fields that include references to food production as something essentially different from non-essential economic 'goods'. In fact, the interaction between these two approaches provide a fertile field for deeper understanding in agricultural science.

New technologies, such as biotechnology and computer science (for data processing and storage), and technological advances have made it possible to develop new research fields, including genetic engineering, agrophysics, improved statistical analysis, and precision farming. Balancing these, as above, are the natural and human sciences of agricultural science that seek to understand the human-nature interactions of traditional agriculture, including interaction of religion and agriculture, and the non-material components of agricultural production systems.

Agriculture sciences seek to feed the world's population while preventing biosafety problems that may affect human health and the environment. This requires promoting good management of natural resources and respect for the environment, and increasingly concern for the psychological wellbeing of all concerned in the food production and consumption system.

Economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture sciences are subjects of ongoing debate. Recent crises (such as avian influenza, mad cow disease and issues such as the use of genetically modified organisms) illustrate the complexity and importance of this debate.