Birds and Butterflies

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Keeping Trees Healthy and Safe

Many trees have life spans that any human would envy. But in residential areas, these impressive life spans are often cut short by the rigors of the urban environment. With attention to a few key management practices, this doesn’t have to be so.

Proper watering is critical when transplanting a new tree. Water regularly, but be careful not to overwater. After a tree is established, normal rainfall usually will provide an adequate amount of water. But you still need to water during droughts or extended dry periods during the summer.

Once a tree is established, apply up to 6 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet over the tree’s rooting area to maximize tree growth. Every 3 years, apply 3.6 pounds of phosphorus and 6 pounds of potash per 1,000 square feet. Apply fertilizer to an area that extends several feet beyond the canopy drip line.

Be on the lookout for warning signs that may indicate your tree is under stress. For example, are the leaves off-color, undersized, withering, or showing dark blotches? Are many of them missing?

Are the branches dying at the ends? How much have the tips of the branches grown in the past year? You can tell by looking at the ‘bud scale scars.’ In general, twig growth on most trees should be at least 9 inches.

Are there cracks or holes in the tree trunk or cankers (localized dead areas) on the bark? Do you see insect activity or signs of insect presence: curled leaves, chewed leaves, missing leaves, holes in branches, buds that don’t sprout, webs, sawdust, holes in the trunks, or galls, which are tumors that form on the plant tissue?

Has a storm broken limbs or done any other damage? And is the soil compacted, or packed down? Compaction, one of the major killers of trees in urban areas, reduces the availability of air in the soil, suffocating tree roots.

Some of these warning signs can have a number of causes, so you may need to call in a professional arborist to determine the problem. For instance, yellowed, undersized, or withered leaves can be caused by diseases, insects, inadequate moisture, or lack of nutrients.

НУБіП України Ф-7.5-2.1.6-24

НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ

Факультет Педагогічний

Напрям підготовки Філологія (переклад)

Форма навчання денна

Семестр 4-6 Курс4

ОКР «Бакалавр»

Кафедра романо-германських мов і перекладу

Дисципліна Практика письмового та усного перекладу

Викладач Сидорук Г.І.

«Затверджую»

Завідувач кафедри (Ніколенко А. Г.)

«»2012 р.

Birds and Butterflies

To make your backyard a haven for birds, provide the essentials: food, water, and shelter. Also, birds generally prefer a landscape rich in trees and shrubs.

There are four basic types of bird feeders. Gravity feeders usually have a roof and either glass or plastic sides so the birds can see the food and you know when it needs to be refilled. These feeders allow for continuous feeding.

Open-shelf feeders may or may not have a roof and usually do not have sides except for a small rim, which keeps the seeds from falling or blowing away. Uncovered feeders allow the birds to see danger and are popular because the birds are very visible.

Simply scattering food over a clear plot of ground constitutes a ground feeder. However, you can also place any platform feeder, with or without a roof, on the ground. One advantage of a ground feeder is that it attracts several species of birds that rarely visit feeders hung from trees, placed on poles, or attached to buildings.

Suet feeders commonly consist of either a small wire basket or a large mesh bag in which suet is placed. These feeders are either suspended or permanently affixed to the side of a tree, building, or other feeder.

The most common types of bird food include: unsalted sunflower seeds, millet and small-seed mixtures, cracked corn, thistle seed, shelled unsalted peanuts, suet, and assorted pieces of fruit. A single food type usually does not provide an adequate variety for good nutrition, so develop a blend for the specialized needs of local birds.

Locate feeders about 6 to12 feet from trees and bushes to allow feeding birds to escape easily from predators. And don’t forget to test the view so you can watch the birds during cold winter weather from your indoor perch.

You can fulfill critical water needs with a simple bird bath or ground watering device. Size is not important, but the edges of the bath should slope gradually. Make sure your water is fresh and clean, especially in the winter when many natural sources are frozen and inaccessible.

Although butterflies certainly are quieter, they are no less desirable as backyard visitors than the many birds your careful plans can attract.

Remember that butterflies are cold-blooded and need sunlight to warm their flight muscles. It’s best to locate the attractive plants in a sunny area. Also, wind and predators can be serious threats to butterflies, so plant your garden in a protected spot next to a vine-covered fence, a wall, or a windbreak of shrubs or trees.

In general, plants that bloom for much of the summer and produce large amounts of nectar will attract many adult butterflies. These include butterfly bush, butterfly milkweed, tithonia, and large flowering zinnias and asters.