Binary oppositions in ecological conceptualization (Devall, Sessions)

Cognitive structures

Language as verbal packaging of mental structures

Principles of categorization

Ancient Greece – categories as classes of words/ objects etc

conceptual categorization – clusterization

l Conceptual metaphor – Lakoff, Johnson

l Cognitive grammar – Langacker

l Cognitive theory of language use – Van Dijk

l Constructions grammar – Fillmore

l Semantic primitives - Wierzbicka

Binary oppositions in ecological conceptualization (Devall, Sessions)

Dominance over nature / Harmony with nature

Natural resources as resources for humans/ All nature has intrinsic worth biocentric equality

Land as slave and servant/ Land as colective organism

Material economic growth for a growing human population/ Elegantly simple material needs

Ample resources/ Limited supply of resources

High technological progress and solutions/ Appropriate technology

Consumerism/ Doing with enough, recycling

National centralized community/ Minority tradition, bioregionalism

Human as conqueror / Human as biotic citizen

Categorization

Prof.Dixon studying the language of aborigines of Australia offered principles of categorization which can be described as cognitive and universal:

Centrality - major categories are central points

Chain connection - complicated categories have chain structure, formed via chain of central and peripheral elements

Experience domains – culture-specific fields of experience predetermine categorization

Ideal models – ideal models of world including myths and beliefs

(ideal husband, ideal sportsman)

Specific knowledge – which becomes preferable in categorizations and classifications in comparison with universal knowledge (rice, sand)

Miscellaneous – uncategorized things/ items of minor importance

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