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Lexical semantics is the systematic study of meaning-related properties of words.
The term semantics for the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the analysis and description of the so-called ‘literal‘ meaningof linguistic expressions was introduced in 1897 by the French linguist Michael Bréal, the founding father of present-day semantics.
That made a serious and largely successful attempt to introduce semantics into European linguistic work. And, once the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure had made the linguistic signthe cornerstone of his influential theories, semantics was here to stay in European linguistics
Onomasiology (Gr. ònomasía ‘name, designation’, logos ‘study’) is a subdiscipline of lexical semanticsthat studies the word meaning in the direction ‘from the concept – to a sound form (or forms)’. Thesauruses are compiled according to onomasiological principles.
Semasiology (Gr. sēmasia ‘signification, meaning’ and lógos ‘study’) is a sundiscipline of lexical semantics concerned with the studies of the word meaning in the opposite direction: ‘from the sound form – to its meaning (or meanings)’.
The distinction was introduced by the Austrian linguist Adolf Zauner in 1903 his study on the body-part terminology in Romance languages. Both disciplines can be treated diachronically and synchronically
The term semasiology was introduced by Christian Karl Reisig in 1825 in his Lectures on Latin Linguistics.
The objective of semasiology is to expose and explain meanings signified by word sound forms and to demonstrate the difference between these meanings.
Main objects of semasiological study:
-semantic development of words, its causes and classification;
-relevant distinctive features and types of lexical meaning;
-polysemy and semantic structure of words;
-the phenomena of homonymy and paronymy.
21. Approaches to the definition of word meaning: functional, referential and others.
There are three classical theories of meaning:
-analytical or referential (F.de Saussure’s disciples)
Meaning is the relation between the object or phenomenon named and the name itself;
-notional or conceptual (Aristotle, John Locke, A.I. Smirnitskiy, etc.)
Meaning is a certain representation of an object / phenomenon / idea / relation in the mind;
-functional or contextual (L. Bloomfield)
Meaning is the situation in which a word is uttered, i.e. its context.
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