Assimilation of borrowings. Types and degrees of assimilation.

The term assimilation of a loan word is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical, and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.

The term type of assimilation refers to the changes an adopted word may undergo:

phonetic assimilation;

graphical assimilation;

grammatical assimilation;

semantic assimilation.

The degree of assimilation depends upon the period of time during which the word has been used in the receiving language, its communicative importance and frequency:

Completely assimilated loan-words are found at all the layers of older borrowings: cheese, street, wall, wine; gate, wing, die, take, happy, ill, low, odd, wrong.

Partially assimilated loan-words:

notassimilated semantically: sheik, sherbet;

not assimilated grammatically: crisis – crises, formula – formulae;

not assimilated phonetically: the final syllable is stressed(machine, cartoon, police); / ʒ/ - beige, prestige, regime; /wα:/ – memoir;

not assimilated graphically: last consonant is not pronounced(ballet, buffet, debut); a diacritic mark(café, cliché); have specific diagraphs(bouquet, brioche).

Non-assimilated (Barbarisms) are words not assimilated in any way and for which there are corresponding English equivalents: It. addio, ciao; Fr. tête-à-tête.

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