Inflections

encode grammatical meaning;

are syntactically relevant;

occur outside all derivation;

do not change part of speech;

are rarely semantically opaque;

are fully productive;

are always suffixational (in English).

A lexicalised grammatical affix is an inflection which developed into a derivational suffix.

For example:

–s in customs ‘import duties’, colours ‘a flag / flags of a ship’ does not express plurality;

‘s in at the dentist’s, at my friend’s no longer indicates possession.

13. The derivative structure of English words. The distinction between morphological stem and derivational base. Morphemic analysis vs derivational analysis.

A morpheme (Gr. morphé ‘form, shape’) is one of the fundamental units of a language, a minimum sign that is an association of a given meaning with a given form (sound and graphic), e.g. old, un+happy, grow+th, blue+colour+ed.

Depending on the number of morphemes, words are divided into:

monomorphic are root-words consisting of only one root-morpheme, i.e. simple words, e.g. to grow, a book, white, fast etc.

polymorphic are words consisting of at least one root-morpheme and a number of derivational affixes, i.e. derivatives, compounds, e.g. good-looking, employee, blue-eyed etc.

According to their functions and meaning, affixes fall into:

derivational, e.g. suffixes: abstract-noun-makers (-age, -dom, -ery, -ing, -ism); concrete-noun-makers (-eer, -er, -ess, -let); adverb-makers (- ly, -ward(s), -wise); verb-makers (- ate, -en, -ify, - ize/-ise); adjective-/noun-makers (- ful, -ese, -(i)an, -ist), etc.; they are attached to a derivational base; they are the object of study of derivational morphology which investigates the way in which new items of vocabulary can be built up out of combinations of elements;

f unctional (inflectional), e.g. -s (plurality; 3rd person singular); ‘s (genitive case); - n’t (contracted negative); -ed (past tense; past participle); -ing (present participle); -er, -est (comparison); they are attached to a morphological stem; they are the object of study of inflectional morphology which deals with the way words vary in their form in order to express a grammatical contrast.

What do words consist of?

Morphemic analysis is the analysis limited to stating the number and types of morphemes that make up a word regardless of their role in the formation of this word, viz. it only defines the morphemes comprising a word, but does not reveal their hierarchy.

How are words formed?

Derivational analysis explores the derivative types of words, their construction and their interrelation.

interchange, n

interview, v

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