Ebonics

Помните у Пола Маккартни: “Ebony and ivory live together in perfect harmony side by side on my piano…”? Прямое значение ebony and ivory применительно к пианино – черные и белые клавиши, но, конечно же, сэр Пол Маккартни имеет в виду черную и белую расы, вот уже много веков пытающихся найти разумный компромисс разумного сосуществования.

Вообще слово ebony, происходящее от латинского ebenicus и греческого ebenos, означает древесину темно-зеленого и черного цвета некоторых видов тропических деревьев семейства эбеновых. Древесина хорошо обрабатывается и применяется для изготовления мелких поделок, деталей музыкальных инструментов, например, черных клавиш пианино, и пр.

Здесь же речь пойдет о Ebonics - названии диалекта, на котором говорят чернокожие американцы (или как того требует современная политкорректность, афро-американцы). Собственно, диалект или даже диалекты существуют в Америке со времен ввоза рабов. А слово Ebonics, известное по меньшей мере с 1974 года, является академическим жаргонным словцом, придуманным для обозначения диалекта, который и раньше назывался "черным английским" - Black English. Термины синонимичны, однако, далеко не всем афро-американцам нравится слово Ebonics.

Диалект возник в сельских местностях южных штатов, где на хлопковых плантациях трудились рабы, вывезенные из Конго, Берега Слоновой Кости и других стран центральной Африки. Для того чтобы каким-то образом и хоть в малой мере сделать свое существование более безопасным, а также сохранить общинную и расовую сущность, рабы должны были выработать особый язык, непонятный постороннему уху. Так и появился "черный английский". Конечно, в каждой местности это был свой диалект, со своими особенностями. Исследователи считают, что Black English развивался не менее ста лет в условиях рабовладения и сегрегации.

Многие придерживаются мнения, что Ebonics утратил свое значение после того, как в 60-е годы были реализованы правительственные программы искоренения расизма. Однако защитники диалекта и афро-американской культуры утверждают, что поскольку расхождение языков длилось более ста лет, то понадобится не меньше времени для обратного процесса - конвергенции. По мнению других, и в наши дни средства массовой информации и система образования продолжают учитывать и даже культивировать языковые особенности групп населения в соответствии с расовыми признаками. Особенно популярным Ebonics был в 70-е годы, когда шло бурное развитие "черного" кинематографа США. Прежде, когда телевидение было недоступно черному населению, Ebonics играл роль языка для взрослых. Поскольку язык предполагает постоянное словообразование, импровизацию и интерпретацию, разговор на нем недоступен пониманию детей, не владеющих контекстом и предметной основой.

Ebonics:

"We hold dese truds t'be self-evident, dat all dudes are created equal, dat dey are endowed by deir Creato' wid certain unalienable rights, dat among dese are life, liberty and da damn pursuit uh happiness".

Американский лексикограф JOHN BAUGH назвал Ebonics Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice, и сейчас поймете, почему. *** Ebonics: "Yo G, you frontin me?" English: "Excuse me, my peer, are you attempting to influence me to engage in a violent action with you?"     Ebonics: "You gots to git those Benjamins so you cin git dat bling-bling fo yo ride" English: "You need to get money so that you can get expensive accessories for your car."   Вот некоторые из особенностей Ebonics, о которых я прочитал на одном из языковых форумов:  

i) In any English word with a contraction, eliminate the apostrophe and any letters after it. Ex. Is it alright if I rollerskate through the campus? English) Yes, it's alright Ebonics) It OK ii) In a word ending in "d," substitute "dt" or "oodt." English) That's all very fine... Ebonics) That all reeeal gooudt.... iii) In a word ending in "ore," eliminate everything after the first "o" and add an apostrophe. English) I won't tell you again, please shut the door. Ebonics) I ain tellin you no mo', shet de do'!! iv) For suffixes with 2 identical consonants followed by "er," eliminate the "er." English) That Negro was larger and was holding a pistol. Ebonics) Mah nigga was bigga had his fingah on yo' trigga. v) In general, most "er"s are dropped and replaced by "ah." English) Tower of Power Ebonics) Towah of Powah vi) However, in the case of a plural, "ers" is replaced by "az." English) Negroes Ebonics) niggaz Now, a brief poem:

They go my niggaz all up in da hooudt, Niggaz be pimpin' just like dey shooudt, Leroy drive his Caddy right into a dee-itch 'Cause his punk-ass homey is too much of a bee-itch Sistah on the pipe she hit on da stem Homeboy got his ass in jail ageein' Got me a supakool layin' in da free-idge Niggaz be flyin' high off'n da bree-idge Sambo fucked up, he high on dat sherm Bustin up a cap hey cuz got de germ Ebonics is generally speaking a "variation" of English entirely made up of slang and southern word shortenings. It is generally spoken in the "hood" (neighborhood) and has almost no defined syntactical structure. Also of note is the almost complete lack of conjugation of verbs ("I be", "she be", "thems be", etc) and the mixing of pronouns. When spoken in any educated circles, its usage usually screams "I am illiterate."   Jive/Ebonics: "Sheeeeiit, foo, I'z be doin' dat shit an' shorty be axin me fo' sum' scrilla." English: Shit, friend, I am doing that stuff, and my girlfriend is asking me for some money.    

Споем?   Artist: Big L Album: The Big Picture Song: Ebonics Yo, pay attention And listen real closely how I break this slang shit down Check it, my weed smoke is my lye A ki of coke is a pie When I'm lifted, I'm high With new clothes on, I'm fly Cars is whips and sneakers is kicks Money is chips, movies is flicks Also, cribs is homes, jacks is pay phones Cocaine is nose candy, cigarettes is bones A radio is a box, a razor blade is a ox Fat diamonds is rocks and jakes is cop And if you got rubbed, you got stuck You got shot, you got bucked And if you got double-crossed, you got fucked Your bankroll is your poke, a choke hold is a yoke A kite is a note, a con is a okey doke And if you got punched that mean you got snuffed To clean is to buff, a bull scare is a strong bluff I know you like the way I'm freakin' it I talk with slang and I'ma never stop speakin' it Chorus: repeat (2X) "Speak with criminal slang" -Nas That's just the way that I talk, yo "Vocabulary spills, I'm ill" -Nas Yo, yo A burglary is a jook, a woof's a crook Mobb Deep already explained the meanin' of shook If you caught a felony, you caught a F If you got killed, you got left If you got the dragon, you got bad breath If you 730, that mean you crazy Hit me on the hip means page me Angel dust is sherm, if you got AIDS, you got the germ If a chick gave you a disease, then you got burned Max mean to relax, guns and pistols is gats Condoms is hats, critters is cracks The food you eat is your grub A victim's a mark A sweat box is a small club, your tick is your heart Your apartment is your pad Your old man is your dad The studio is the lab and heated is mad I know you like the way I'm freakin' it I talk with slang and I'ma never stop speakin' it Chorus (2X) The iron horse is the train and champaign is bubbly A deuce is a honey that's ugly If your girl is fine, she's a dime A suit is a fine, jewelry is shine If you in love, that mean you blind Genuine is real, a face card is a hundred dollar bill A very hard, long stare is a grill If you sneakin' to go see a girl, that mean you creepin' Smilin' is cheesin', bleedin' is leakin' Beggin is bummin, if you nuttin you comin Takin' orders is sunnin', an ounce of coke is a onion A hotel's a telly, a cell phone's a celly Jealous is jelly, your food box is your belly To guerrilla mean to use physical force You took a L, you took a loss To show off mean floss, uh I know you like the way I'm freakin' it I talk with slang and I'ma never stop speakin' it Chorus (2X) Yeah, yeah One love to my big brother, Big Lee Holdin' it down Yeah, Flamboyant for life Yeah yeah, Flamboyant for life  

Lamont Coleman (May 30, 1974–February 15, 1999), also known by his stage name Big L, was an American rapper. He was a significant participant in and contributor to the New York hip-hop scene in the mid- to late 1990s.

From Wikipedia:

Ebonics is a term that was originally intended and sometimes used for the language of all people of African ancestry, or for that of Black North American people; since 1996 it has been largely used to refer to African American Vernacular English (distinctively nonstandard Black United States English), asserting the independence of the last mentioned from (standard) English. The term became widely known in the U.S. in 1996 due to its use by the Oakland School Board.

What is claimed to be the initial mention of "Ebonics" was made by the psychologist Robert Williams in a dialogue with Ernie Smith that took place in a conference on "Cognitive and Language Development of the Black Child", held in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1973. In 1975 the word appeared within the title and text of a book edited and co-written by Williams, Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks. Williams there explains it:

A two-year-old term created by a group of black scholars, Ebonics may be defined as "the linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendant of African origin. It includes the various idioms, patois, argots, idiolects, and social dialects of black people" especially those who have adapted to colonial circumstances. Ebonics derives its form from ebony (black) and phonics (sound, the study of sound) and refers to the study of the language of black people in all its cultural uniqueness.

Ebonics remained a little-known and little-remarked term until 1996; it does not appear within the second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, published in 1989 and thus over a decade after it was coined, and it was not used by linguists.

In 1996, the term became widely known in the U.S. due to its use by the Oakland School Board to denote and recognize the primary language (or sociolect or ethnolect) of African American children attending school, and thereby to facilitate the teaching of standard English. Thereafter, Ebonics seems to have become little more than an alternative term for African American Vernacular English, although one emphasizing its claimed African roots and independence from English, a term linked with the nationally discussed controversy over the decision by the Oakland School Board, and avoided by most linguists.

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