1. To express wish or hope, very often involving supernatural powers.
God bless you!
Come what may!
God save the Queen!
If need be, …
2. The structure that … should.
the verbs followed by the said construction: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge, be anxious, be determined
She advised that we (should) keep the gate locked. (she was unlikely to be there – less direct contact)
She advised that the gate should be kept locked.
Instead of
She advised keeping the gate locked. (she was likely to be there)
She advised us to keep it locked.
She arrange d for me to go abroad.
Should is sometimes omitted before be
3. The structure it is/was + adjective + that … should
After it is/was advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary, reasonable.
After it is only fair/just/right
It is essential that he should go.
Instead of it is/was + adjective +for smb to do
It is essential for him to go.
4. The structure it is/was + adjective + that … should
After it is/was absurd, amazing, annoying, ludicrous, odd, ridiculous, strange, surprising
Instead if that + present or past tense
It is ridiculous that we should be short of water.
It is amazing that she should have said nothing.
5. After lest [1] and sometimes after in case in the structure lest … should.
He was terrified lest he should slip on the icy rocks.
She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident. (earlier)
6. in purpose clauses
He wore a mask so that no one should recognize him.
7. In conditional sentences instead of the present tense
If the pain should return take another of these pills.
8. as if/as though + past subjunctive
He bosses me around as if I were his wife.
He talks about Rome as though he had been there himself.
9. It is time + past subjunctive (unreal past)
It is time to start.
It is time for us to go. (We are a little late.)
It is time we went./It is time we were leaving/I was leaving (not were).
10. Conditionals.
If I had a map I would lend it to you.
If I were to succeed/If I succeeded
11. would rather [1] /sooner
Tom would rather read than speak. (Tom prefers reading to talking)
We went by sea, but I’d rather have gone by air. I’d prefer to have gone by air.
I’d rather you paid. (different subjects)
Ann wants to tell Tom, but I’d rather she didn’t (tell him).
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