Section 1. Передача имен собственных и географических названий.

Skills

which are essential for any interpreter are the following:

intuition, concentration vs dispersed attention, good memory, dominant hemisphere/ear preference.

Intuition is considered by some Russian psychologists as a simultaneous interaction between the right and left hemispheres in our brain.

Language skills can be developed and improved, but the capacity for fast and effective hemisphere exchange is more of an innate capability. But as famous Russian pedagogue Boris Nikitin states, it is never too late to learn, and a training exercise which includes “developmental non-verbal games” can help improve the professional interpreter's performance considerably. Different types of puzzle games like Rubik cubes can help the future interpreter increase the hemispheres' interaction.

The specific skill involves

• the capability for good linguistic guessing, predicting and anticipating elements in sequence. (unfinished sentences, texts with omitted letters or words)
• the ability to compose edited texts based on certain key-words (or symbols for consecutive interpreting) or good text compression.

Concentration vs Dispersed Attention. As research has shown, it is impossible to divide someone's attention between two independent actions when both require the maximum level of concentration.

Dispersed attention can be compared with light, which passes through a matte crystal and illuminates a large square. If we use lenses instead of a matte crystal, the illuminated spot with light focused on it would be considerably smaller but brighter. The concentration of attention focuses our perception on one item, while other - peripheral - objects disappear from it. Research on cerebral activity in a state of deep concentration reveals that there is no asymmetrical activity at that specific moment, and that both hemispheres work together simultaneously.

Interconnectability is defined by the speed of transition from one type of activity to another. The dispersed attention allows us to maintain several different objects within our field of attention. The more "passive" or "relaxed" a person's condition, the better the result of our "dispersed" attention activity. Self-confidence can help considerably in creating a "relaxed" condition during the process of SI (simultaneous interpreting)

Training exercises

• to introduce some "distracting" or “annoying” elements
• to work simultaneously with two different texts
• to introduce “ phonetic shadowing” which involves listening to the text and repeating each sound exactly as it was heard without waiting for a complete meaning unit.
• to use "semantic shadowing", i.e. reading the text aloud while the trainer reads the same text simultaneously, introducing some new elements (changing figures, names, tenses, verbs, adjectives, etc.) with the comparison of the two texts at the end;
• To introduce “ selective listening” combined with phrase shadowing or paraphrasing. The trainee is exposed to two different verbal messages. The task consists in “switching off” one of the ears through which comes the “irrelevant” message and focusing all the attention on the “relevant” verbal text. This specific training concludes either with phrase shadowing of the “relevant” incoming message or with later paraphrasing it.

Good memory. This requires skills such as instant, short, medium and long term active memory.

It is necessary to work on:

· the capacity to encode and decode texts using any symbol system (for consecutive interpreting);

· a good ear for any foreign names and toponyms; a good ear for figures and measures;

Dominant hemisphere/ear preference. There is still no official final result on a right/left ear preference for professional interpreters, but some practicing interpreters claim that removing one headphone slightly off one ear they manage to focus better on the incoming message with one ear next to the headphone and monitor their own delivery in L2 with the other, partially released ear.

Trainees in Simultaneous Interpreting may try to find his/her “comfortable ear” for each of the language combinations.

UNIT 1 - POLITICS

Section 1. Передача имен собственных и географических названий.

1. Географические названия:

а) могут переводиться методом калькирования:

Lake Superior;— Озеро Верхнее, the Pacific Ocean — Тихий океан;

б) методом транскрипции:

New Mexico — Нью-Мексико,

В некоторых случаях сохраняется традиционная, хотя и иска­женная транскрипция:

Texas — Техас. Mexico City— Мехико; Munich — Мюнхен;

в) передаваться смешанным способом:

North Dakota — Северная Дакота; Black Hills — горы Блэк-Хилс.

2. Названия компаний, изданий, улиц и площадей традиционно передавались с помощью транскрипции:

Paramount Pictures — Парамаунт Пикчерз

ВВС — Би-Би-Си

The Wall Street Journal — «Уолл Стрит Джорнэл» (артикль опускается)

Downing Street — Даунинг-стрит

Bedford Square — Бедфорд Сквер

Но: Trafalgar Square — Трафальгарская площадь

4 Названия партий, международных организаций и государ­ственных служб, как правило, переводятся:

Conservative Party — Консервативная партия

U.S. Department of State — Госдепартамент США

Однако и здесь есть свои исключения: Labour Party — Лейбористская (а не Трудовая) партия;

Foreign Office — МИД Соединенного Королевства

Очень часто перед транскрибированным названием до­бавляются соответствующие поясняющие слова, например, газета, компания, автомобильная корпорация (если известно, к какой отрасли экономики она относится).

5. Имена и фамилии людей:

а) транскрибируются;

б) передаются согласно переводческим традициям (канонический перевод):

Charles Dickens — Чарльз Диккенс, но Charles I — Карл Пер­вый;

Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст.

Difficulty of Spelling.

There is no single “correct” way to spell the former Libyan ruler’s name because of the difficulty of translating the Arabic script into our language. It is estimated that there are currently 112 ways to spell his name. French news agency uses ‘Moamar Kadhafi’, while The New York Times ‘Muammar el-Qaddafi’, Arabian broadcaster Al Jazeera sticks with the ‘Gaddafi’ spelling, while the New York Times appears to ‘Qaddafi’. Meanwhile US news outlets CNN, The Associated Press, and MSNBC use “Gadhafi”.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, указывая способы передачи имеющихся в них имен собственных.

1. The prejudice against the Whigs had not subsided, when James ascended the throne.
2. The attempt to indict Dr Dubois was one of the most shameful acts committed by the Government of the United States against the Negro people.
3. The letters of British soldiers from Korea complained, first of all, of lack of news. Japan News and a Yankee propaganda rag Stars and Stripes were the only news sheets they got.
4. About 10 tons of uranium fuel would provide sufficient heat for producing all the electrical power produced throughout the world in 1939. The Queen Elizabeth could keep going for about a year on one hundredweight.
5. Lao-tzu was born in the province of Henan and was a court librarian.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14