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invite	приглашать	□ Не didn't invite me.to come in.
lead	(при)вести	□ What led you to think so?
order^1	приказать,	□ The doctor ordered me to stay in bed.
	настаивать	□ The judge ordered that the prisoner should
		be remanded.
persuade	убеждать	□ He persuaded me to change/that 1 should
		change my mind.
press	торопить,	□ He had to press her to pay the debt.
	заставлять,
	требовать
	действий
prompt	побуждать,	□ What prompted him to be so generous?
	толкать
provoke	вызывать,	□ His behaviour provoked her to answer
	провоцирова ть	rudely.
remind	напомнить	□ Please, remind me to answer/that 1 should
		answer the letter.
require^1	требовать	□ Students are required to take three papers
		in England.
		□ It's required that you arrive at 8 a.m.
stimulate	побуждать	□ She stimulated me to take greater efforts.
summon	вызывать,	□ They summoned her to appear as a witness.
	созывать
teach	обучать	□ My father taught me how to swim when 1 was
(how to)		five.
tell	сказать,	□ He told me to come immediately.
(instruct,	приказать
order)
tempt	соблазнять	□ Nothing could tempt him to take such a
		step.
trust^1	доверять	□ Can 1 trust you to get the money safely to the
	(верить, что все	bank?
	будет в порядке)
warn^3	предупрежда ть	□ We warned them not to go skating on such
		thin ice/that the ice was thin.

1. No noun is found between these verbs and a "that-clause":

□ The commander ordered HIS TROOPS to lay down their arms.

□ The commander ordered that his troops should lay down their arms. Note that the use of should is a common feature in such clauses after these verbs.

2. A noun is always found between these verbs and a "that-clause":

□ He persuaded ME to change my mind.

□ He persuaded ME that his plan was preferable.

3. The Chancellor warned UNIONS that higher wages would mean higher prices. The Chancellor warned that higher wages would mean higher prices.

4. Make is roughly synonymous with these verbs, but is followed

a) in the active, by a noun + infinitive without to:

□ He made ME do all the work again.

b) in the passive, by an infinitive with to:

□ I was made TO DO ail the work again.

III. The Infinitive, with or without a preceding noun, is used after these verbs. The

verbs in italics may also be followed by a clause introduced by that.

ask	просить	□ She asked to be excused.
	приглашать	□ We asked to see him. □ She asked us to come to the concert.
beg	взять на себя	□ We beg to inform you (извещаем вас).
	смелость,	□ 1 beg to differ (позволю себе не согласиться).
	позволить себе	□ 1 beg to enclose (при сем прилагаю).
	(formal)
choose	решаться)	□ She chose to remain at home.
	выбирать	Она решила остаться дома. □ They chose me to serve as their representative. Они выбрали меня своим представителем.
dare^1	решаться,	□ 1 don't dare to protest.
	осмеливаться,	Я не осмеливаюсь возражать.
	подстрекать	□ Не dared me to jump from the bridge into the water. Он подстрекал меня прыгнуть с моста в воду.
desire	хотеть, желать,	□ 1 desire you to go at once.
	требовать,	Я требую/прошу, чтобы вы пошли немедленно.
	просить
elect	решить,	□ Не elected to remain at home.
	предпочесть	Он предпочел остаться дома.
expect	ожидать, надеяться	□ We expect to receive a letter from him soon.

help	помогать,	□ She always helps her daughter do school home­
	содействовать,	work.
	оказывать
	помощь
mean	намереваться,	□ I didn't mean to offend you.
(= intend)	иметь в виду
request	просить позво­	□ I must request you to obey orders.
	ления,	Предлагаю вам выполнить приказание.
	предлагать (веж­
	ливо приказать)
want	хотеть, испыты­	□ You want to see a doctor.
	вать необходи­	Вам нужно пойти к врачу.
	мость, требо­
	ваться
wish	хотеть, желать	□ I wish you understand. Я хочу, чтобы вы поняли.

NOTES:

1. If no noun is used after dare, two patterns are possible:

a) the infinitive with to:

□ He dared to call me a fool to my face.

b) the infinitive without to (more especially in negative and interrogative sentences):

□ He daren'f tell me what happened.

□ Dare you mention it to him?

AMERICAN ENGLISH

There are a few grammatical differences between British and American English:

1. In American English the past simple is often used to give new information or to announce a recent happening:

□ I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?

The past simple is used with just and already:

□ I'm not hungry. I just had lunch.

□ "Don't forget to post the letter." - "I already posted it".

Americans use the past simple with yet:

□ I didn't tell them about the accident yet.

2. In American English the forms I have/I don't have/do you have? are more usual than I've got/I haven't got/have you got?:

□ We have a new car.

□ Do you have any change?

3. These verbs (burn, learn, etc.) are normally regular in American English: burned, learned, etc.

4. The past participle of get is gotten in American English:

□ Your English has gotten much better since I last saw you.

LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS AND KEY WORDS

Adjective	прилагательное
Adverb of manner	наречие образа действия (отвечающее на вопрос
	как? каким образом?)
Adverbial clause of cause	придаточное предложение причины
Adverbial clause of time	придаточное предложение времени
Adverbial modifier of place	обстоятельство места
Adverbial modifier of time	обстоятельство времени
Affirmative	утвердительная форма
Appendix	приложение
Appropriate	соответствующий
Aspect	вид
Attributive clause	определительное придаточное предложение
Auxiliary verb	вспомогательный глагол
Blanks	пустые места, пробелы
Bold type	жирный шрифт
Borrow	заимствовать
Brackets	скобки
Case	падеж
Class noun	имя существительное, обозначающее отдельный
	предмет
Collective noun	имя существительное собирательное
Colloquial	разговорный
Common noun	нарицательное имя существительное
Comparative	сравнительный
Compare	сравнивать
Complete	закончить, завершить
Completed action	завершенное действие
Compound	составное слово
Condition	условие
Conditional sentence	условное предложение
Conjunction	союз
Connecting adverb	наречие, служащее для соединения
Consequence	следствие
Consonant	согласная, ~ ый
Correct	1) правильный, соответствующий
	2) исправить, поправить
Corresponding	соответствующий
Countable noun	исчисляемое существительное
Customary action	обычное действие

Defining Degree Degrees of comparison Demonstrative Denote Derivative Direct speech	определительный мера, степень степени сравнения указательный обозначать производный прямая речь
Ending Example Exercise Express Expression Extend	окончание пример упражнение выражать выражение, словосочетание продолжить
Feminine Fiction Formation Future	женский род художественная литература образование будущий, будущее время
General question General truth	общий вопрос истина (нечто постоянное и неизменное)
Habitual	привычный
Imply Indefinite Indirect speech Insert Italic type Interrogative Intransitive verb Introduce Inversion Irregular verb	подразумевать неопределенный косвенная речь вставить курсивный шрифт вопросительный непереходный глагол вводить инверсия, обратный порядок слов в предложении неправильный глагол
Join	соединить, объединить
Limited Ust	ограниченный список
Masculine Meaning	мужской род значение

Measure	мера
Mind	обратить внимание
Missing	недостающий
Negative	отрицательный
Negative sentence	отрицательное предложение
Nominative case	падеж, соответствующий именительному
Noun	существительное
Number	число
Object clause	дополнительное придаточное предложение
Objective pronouns	местоимения в объектном (косвенном) падеже
Observe	соблюдать
Omit	пропускать, опускать
Opinion	мнение, суждение
Order	приказ
Particle	частица
Passive voice	страдательный залог
Past	прошедший (о времени)
Pattern	модель
Peculiarity	особенность
Permanent action	постоянное действие (факт)
Person (1st, 2nd, 3d)	лицо (1-ое, 2-ое, 3-е)
Personal	личный
Plural	множественное число
Positive sentence	утвердительное предложение
Possessive	притяжательный
Posterior	последующий
Precede	предшествовать
Prefix	приставка
Preposition	предлог
Prepositional object	предложное дополнение
Present	настоящее время
Previous	предыдущий
Principal clause	главное предложение
Prior	предшествующий
Proceed	продолжать
Productive	продуктивный
Pronoun	местоимение
Proper noun	собственное имя существительное
Quantity	количество
Question	вопрос

Real condition	реальное условие
Reciprocal	взаимный
Reflexive	возвратный
Relations	(взаимо-) отношения
Render	передавать
Repeated action	повторяющееся действие
Replace	заменить
Reported speech	косвенная речь
Request	просьба
Required	требуемый
Reword	перефразировать
Right	правильно
Rule	правило
Sequence of tenses	согласование времен
Set expression	устойчивое словосочетание
Simultaneous	одновременный
Singular	единственное число
Special question	специальный вопрос
State	1. состояние
	2. утверждать, гласить
Statement	утверждение
Stem	корень
Subject	подлежащее
Subordinate clause	придаточное предложение
Substitute	заменить
Succession of actions	последовательность действий
Superlative	превосходный
Syllable	слог
Temporary action	периодическое, временное действие
Tense	время (глагола)
Uncountable noun	неисчисляемое существительное
Unproductive	непродуктивный
Unreal condition	нереальное условие
Viewpoint adverb	наречие, выражающее точку зрения
Vowel	гласная, ~ ый
"When / if" clause	придаточное предложение времени и условия
Wish	желание, пожелание
Wrong	неправильно
Zero	нулевой

PUNCTUATION

. FULL STOP (US = PERIOD)

Used to mark the end of a sentence:

Edward walked briskly into the hotel. The receptionist looked at him coldly. Also Letters and Abbreviations below.

? QUESTION MARK

1. Used at the end of a direct question:

Who was the first to arrive? {Note. It is not used at the end of an indirect question: He asked who had been the first to arrive.)

2. Used in parentheses to express doubt:

He was born in 1550 (?) and died in 1613.

! EXCLAMATION MARK (US ALSO EXCLAMATION POINT)

Used at the end of a sentence or remark expressing a high degree of anger, amazement or other strong emotion:

'What a wonderful surprise I' she cried. Get out of here and never come back! (Note. Beware of over-using exclamation marks, or including them where the emotion is only mild.)

, COMMA

1. Used to separate the items in lists of words, phrases or clauses:

Red, pink, yellow and white roses filled the huge vases.

If you take your time, stay calm, concentrate and think ahead, you'll pass

your driving test.

2. Sometimes used after a subordinate adverbial clause or after a phrase which comes before the main clause. It is essential after longer clauses and phrases, and to avoid ambiguity:

When the sun is shining brightly above, the world seems a happier place. In the summer of 1984, many trees died.

3. Used after a non-finite or verbless clause, at the beginning of a sentence:

To get there on time, she left half an hour early. Happy and contented, the cat fell asleep.

4. Used to separate an introductory or transitional word or phrase (e.g. therefore, however, by the way, for instance) from the rest of the sentence:

Yes, it certainly had been an eventful day. In fact, I don't even know her name.

Driving on icy roads can be dangerous and one should, therefore, be very careful.

5. Used before and after any element (e.g. a dependent clause, a comment) which interrupts the sentence:

The fire, although it had been burning for several hours, was still blazing fiercely. You should, indeed you must, report the matter to the police.

6. Used before and after a non-defining relative clause, or a phrase in apposition, which gives more information about the noun it follows:

The Pennine Hills, which have been a favourite with hikers for many years, are situated between Lancashire and Yorkshire.

Queen Elizabeth II, a very popular monarch, celebrated her Silver Jubilee in 1977.

(Note. No commas are used around a relative clause that defines the noun it follows: The hills that separate Lancashire from Yorkshire are called the Pennines.)

7. Sometimes used to separate main clauses linked by a conjunction (e.g. and, as. but, for, or), especially when the first clause is long:

We had been looking forward to meeting Sarah's husband, but discovered that he was not as pleasant as we had hoped. Also Conversation and Letters below.

: COLON

1. (Formal) Used after a main clause where the following statement illustrates or explains the content of that clause. It may be replaced by a semicolon or a full stop:

The garden had been neglected for a long time: it was overgrown and full of weeds.

2. Used before a long list, and often introduced by phrases such as: such as: for example: for instance: in the following examples: as follows:

Your first aid kit should include the following items: cotton wool, lint, antiseptic lotion, sticking plaster, bandages and safety pins. Also Letters and Quotations below.

; SEMICOLON

1. (Formal) Used to separate main clauses, not (usually) joined by a conjunction, which are considered so closely connected as to belong to one sentence:

The sun was setting now; the shadows were long.

He had never been to Russia before; however, it had always been one of his life­long ambitions.

2. Used instead of a comma to separate from each other parts of a sentence that are already separated by commas:

There are two facts to consider: first, the weather; second, the expence.

-DASH

1. (Colloq.) Used instead of a colon or a semicolon to make the writing more vivid or dramatic:

Sirens blared, men shouted, and people crowded in to witness the scene - it was chaos.

So you've been lying to me for years and years - how can I ever trust you again?

2. (Colloq.) Used singly or in pairs to separate extra information, an afterthought or a comment, in a vivid or dramatic way, from the rest of the sentence:

Schooldays are the happiest days of our lives - or so we are told. Schooldays - or so we are told - are the happiest days of our lives. (Note. In more formal usage, parentheses or commas replace dashes.) Also Conversation below.

() PARENTHESES (GB ALSO BRACKETS)

1. Used to separate extra information, an afterthought or a comment from the rest of the sentence:

Schooldays (so we are told) are the happiest days of our lives. He said he'd never seen the sea before (but I think he was joking).

2. Used to enclose cross-references:

The abacus (see the picture on page 1) is used for teaching numbers to children.

" QUOTATION MARKS (GB ALSO INVERTED COMMAS)

{Note. In GB usage they are usually single: 'Fire!' In US usage they are usually double: "Fire!")

Used around a slang or technical term when it is in a context in which it is not usually found, or around a word to which the writer wishes to draw particular attention: Next, the clay pot had to be 'fired'.

He called himself a 'gentleman' but you would never have thought so from the way he behaved. Also Conversation and Quotations below.

- HYPHEN

(Note. It must not be confused with the dash, which separates parts of a sentence. The hyphen is half the length of the dash.)

1. Sometimes used to form a compound word from two other words: hard-hearted; radio-telescope; fork-lift truck.

2. Used to form a compound word from a prefix and a proper name: pre-Raphaelite; pro-Soviet; anti-Nazi.

3. Used to form a compound word from two other words which are separated by a preposition:

mother-in-law; mother-to-be; mother-of-pearl; out-of-date.

4. (Esp GB) Sometimes used to separate a prefix ending in a vowel from a word beginning with that same vowel:

co-ordination; re-elect; pre-eminent.

' APOSTROPHE

1. Used with's' to indicate the possessive: Singular noun: the dog's [dogz] bone.

Singular noun ending in's': the princess's [prin'sesiz] smile.

Singular proper noun ending in's' (two possible forms): King Charles's ['tja:lziz]

crown,- King Charles' ['tja:lziz] crown.

Plural noun: students' ['stju-.dsnts] books.

Irregular plural: men's [menz] jackets.

2. Used in a contracted form to indicate the omission of letters or figures:

I'm (= I am); he's (= he is/has); they'd (= they would/had). In '87 (= 1987).

3. Used with's' to form the plural of a letter, a figure or an abbreviation, when these are used as proper words. In modern usage it is often omitted after a figure or a capital letter:

In the 1960's or in the 1960s. MP's or MPs. He can't pronounce his r's.

4. Used with's' to form the plural of a word (e.g. a preposition or a conjunction) that does not usually have a plural:

No if's or but's - just do as I say.

ABBREVIATIONS

1. A full stop may end an abbreviation or a person's initials, although this is becoming less common, especially in GB usage:

Mr. R. S. H. Smith or Mr R S H Smith.

2. When the abbreviation consists of capitals, it is common GB usage to omit the full stops:

UN, WHO, BCC.

3. The omission of full stops in a lower case abbreviation is less common:

i.e., p.m., e.g., or ie, pm, eg.

4. If the abbreviation includes the last letter of the word, it is usual in GB usage to omit the full stop:

Mr, Dr, St, Rd.

5. To form the plural of capital letter abbreviations, add a lower case's or s:

MP's or MPs, TV's or TVs.

CONVERSATION

A new indented paragraph is begun with §ach new speaker.

Quotation marks enclose all words and punctuation in direct speech:

'What on earth did you do that for?' he asked.

Introductory words (e.g. he said, she cried, they answered) are separated from the actual words spoken by commas if no other punctuation mark (e.g. question mark, exclamation mark) is used:

John said, 'That's all I know.' 'That's all I know', said John. 'That', said John, 'is all

I know'.

'Why?'asked John.

A comma separates a question tag from the rest of the sentence:

'You knew he'd come, didn't you?'

A mild interjection or the direct use of a name is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma:

'Oh, so that's what he wanted. (Cf 'Oh no! I don't believe you!')

'Weil, Peter, I did my best.' (Ct 'Peter! Look out!')

Hesitant or interrupted speech can be indicated by dashes:

'Can I -1 mean, would you mind if I came too?'

'You'll find it in - ' were his dying words.

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