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II Past Simple and Past Perfect

THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW

In 1812 Napoleon (determine) to advance on Moscow. For many years before that he (be) at war with different nations. He (win) and (lose) many important battles. His fleet (be) destroyed at Trafalgar, but he (win) brilliant victories at Austerlitz, Jena and other places, and he (dethrone) kings and (place) his marshals and his relatives in their places. Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, all (fall) under his power, but Russia he not (attack) as yet. He therefore (advance) confidently through Russia, where he (find) little opposition, and (make) his way towards Moscow. When at last he (reach) the town he (see) it in flames. In a short time all (be) destroyed, and his army (find) no means of subsistence. The winter (come) on and he (have) no course but to retreat. His army (suffer) terribly on the way. His men and horses (die) in thousands in the snow, and (lie) where they (fall). Of all that splendid army which he (lead) to Moscow, only a few (live) to reach Paris.

Ill Present Simple, Present Perfect, Past Simple and Past Perfect Once there (rule) a powerful king over the island of Samos. He (be) rich and prosperous, and at last his prosperity (rise) to such a heigbt that he (begin) to be afraid that the gods (can) be jealous of his happiness. Accordingly he (send) messengers to consult an oracle in another country, telling them to bring the answer as soon as they (obtain) it. When they (reach) the oracle they (receive) the answer: "(Tell) the king that if he (wish) to escape the anger of the gods, he must throw into the sea that which he (hold) to be the dearest of all his possessions." The messengers (return) and (tell) the king what the oracle (say). The king therefore (take) a boat and (go) out to sea, and (throw) away a ring which he (value) greatly because his dead wife (give) it to him, saying to himself: "Surely the gods (accept) this great sacrifice and (spare) me." He (go) to bed that night thinking over what he (do) that day and wondering whether the gods (keep) him safe from harm. When he (rise) in the morning after he (have) little sleep he (sit) down to breakfast eagerly, for he (fast -поститься) for many hours. Imagine his surprise when he (open) a fish that (be prepared) for him and (see) the ring he (throw) away the day before! A fisherman (catch) the fish that morning and (bring) it to the palace, not knowing what (be) inside it. The king then (understand) that the gods (refuse) his sacrifice. He soon (begin) to lose his power, and not many months (pass) before he (lose) all his possessions and (die) in misery. This story is a warning to us not to flatter ourselves that our happiness (be) enduring, unless we (depend) more upon ourselves than upon what we (have).

Ex. 2. Supply articles where necessary.

I (B, C)

AUTHOR'S NOTES

1.___ Voices of Summer was originally written as______ serial - under______ title Operetta -

for___ magazine, but_____ disciplines of_____ serial are confining: everything has to be as

brief as possible and one cannot introduce too many characters. 2.1 always regretted___________

loss and development of those extra characters that I'd had in my mind and couldn't

include. 3. _____ idea for______ Voices of Summer sprang from my very first visit to____________

Vienna. 4.1 was only passing through on my way to research_______ book in Hungary, but______

city so bewitched (околдовал) me that I stayed_________ extra day and have returned many

times since. 5. It is difficult to explain_______ importance of_____ opera, __ operetta, and_______

music in____ life of_____ average Viennese citizen. 6._______ opera singers occupy______ same

national status as_____ football stars in_____ West, and____ Viennese taxi drivers will discuss

__ politics of______ State Opera House in_______ same way that we chat of_______ politicians,

__ Royals, and_____ latest television stars. 7.______ Opera House is undoubtedly______ centre

of___ Viennese life and is - emotionally -__________ sort of_____ combination of______ National

Theatre,____ Buckingham Palace,______ Wembley Stadium, and______ Houses of Parliament.

8. So against that background I set my story, although mine is not__________ tale of____ glory at

__ Staatsoper, for while in Austria I saw_________ very tiny company performing_______ Lehar

operetta and____ tenor,____ tall, handsome man who was obviously immensely popular with

__ audience, made______ great impression on me. 9. When_________ curtain came down______

abundance (изобилие) of______ flowers and______ gift-wrapped packages went up on_________

stage for him, not for_____ leading lady who stood in______ line-up behind with______ brave smile

on her face, trying to look as though she didn't mind. 10. And at that moment__________ Operetta

was born. 11.1 should add that, although________ idea for my novel came from watching_______

real performance, every single character and situation in this book is totally imaginary. 12. All

__ names have been invented by me, other than those of_________ real people such as Callas

or Domingo. 13. If, inadvertently (неумышленно), I have stumbled on__________ real name, it is

entirely accidental.

H (C)

MIRAGE

С Oxford Junior Encyclopaedia)

1.There are many stories of________ travellers who, tortured by_________ thirst in _____ desert,

have been overjoyed to see in______ distance____ beautiful lake - only to find, as they drew

nearer, that it vanished -_______ mirage. 2. Nearer home, most of us have seen in_________ very

hot weather____ appearance of pools of_______ water lying across______ road which we know

well must be dry. 3. This, too, is_______ mirage. 4. The cause of these queer illusions is_________

process known as_____ "refraction". 5. When______ rays of____ light pass from one medium

(среда) to another of______ different density, as from_______ air to_____ water or to_____ glass,

they are "refracted" or bent. 6. Thus_______ straight stick appears bent if it is half in and half

out of____ water; or, as we all know,______ objects appear very distorted if we look at them

through____ glass of______ water. 7. _____ refraction also occurs if________ rays of_____ light

pass through_____ regions of______ different density in_______ same medium. 8. Now_______ air

near____ ground in_____ desert like_____ Sahara gets very hot, because_______ sand beneath

it has reflected_____ heat from_____ sun. 9. When_____ air is heated it expands - that is, its

density gets less. 10.______ rays of_____ light from______ sky, then, are bent as they enter

this layer (слой) of______ hot thin air, and______ traveller sees on______ face of_____ desert (or

we on____ surface of______ road)_____ brightness which looks like________ pool of_____ water

but is really_____ brightness of______ sun. 11. As_____ layer of_____ hot air is seldom still,_______

image also shimmers (мерцает) in ________ heat, causing______ movement which is easily

mistaken for_____ ripples of______ water. 12. But_______ layers of_____ air at______ different

density can play even stranger tricks than this. 13. Sometimes, especially in_____________ polar

regions, it happens that_______ air immediately above______ surface of_____ sea is very much

colder (and so denser) than_______ air above. 14. In such circumstances_________ sailors may

see____ image of______ object which is really well below_________ horizon and so out of________

normal sight. 15. Stranger still,_______ effect of_____ layer of_____ warm air above may be to

twist____ rays of_____ light before they reach________ observer, in which case he will see

___ image of_____ ship or_____ iceberg upside-down in_______ sky - at_____ same time as or

even before he can see______ object itself. 16. It is not uncommon for_________ whalers to get

their first sight of______ neighbouring ship in this way. 17. This reversal of__________ image also

happens at times in______ desert, and no doubt,________ seasoned (опытный) traveller who

sees___ palm-trees standing on their heads in_________ oasis does not allow his hopes rise

too high. 18. On______ other occasions______ air plays_____ part of_____ gigantic telescope,

and magnifies_____ distant objects, as well as bringing them up over__________ horizon. 19. In

this way____ coast of France has been seen in_______ great detail from______ town in England

lying over 50 miles away.

Ex. 3. (В, С) Put the verb in brackets into the proper ing-form.

1.Here is a little story of a man who, (lose) one job got another by'(show) that a rope may have three ends. 2. After (try) several places the man got tired of (walk) and sat down to rest for a while. 3. The day (be) hot, we must not be surprised at the man (be) tired and (sit) down to rest under a tree. 4. As he was sitting he thought of (take) further steps. 5. He remembered (work) on a ship for some years. 6. So he came to the owner of a ship and asked him if there was any possibility of (get) a job. 7. The question (be) not very unusual, the owner was not surprised at (hear) it. 8. But he thought for a while before (give) his answer. 9. After (examine) the man from head to foot the owner said, "You see, I'm looking for a man with brains. If you can find three ends to that rope, I'll give you the job." 10. (Say) those words, the owner picked up a piece of rope (lie) at his feet and handed it to the man.

11. The man understood that his (get) a job depended on his (give) the right answer quickly.

12. Without (think) long he held one end of the rope before the owner (say), "That's one end, sir." 13. Then (take) up the other end he remarked, "That's the second end, sir." 14. Then, (throw) the rope overboard, the man said, "That is one more end to your rope, sir." 15. (Receive) this answer, the owner couldn't help (praise) the man for (find) the answer so quickly. 16. Then he said, "You are the man I've long been looking for." 17. (Give) a good job the man used to say that for many people (find) a job is like (find) the third end to a rope.

Ex. 4. (В, C) Fill in the blanks with the proper prepositions (at, in, by, with).

GRAY'S ELEGY

The famous poem known as "Gray's Elegy" was conceived (задумана) (1)________________ a

country churchyard. The fading light, the distant sounds, the thoughts of coming darkness

suggested the transitoriness (преходящий характер) of human life, and (2)______________ such

a time, surrounded as he was (3)____________ monuments of decay, the poet was moved to

write about the humble villagers who lay (4)____________ their tombs around him, and to think

of what they might have become, had they moved (5)______________ the great world and had

the opportunities enjoyed (6)____________ dwellers (7)__________ great towns and busy cities.

Some, who lay forgotten (8)_______________ the living, perhaps (9)_______________ their lives

courageously fought for the right, and might have become as famous as Cromwell or Hampden,

whose names are written (10)____________ the pages of history. Others were perhaps gifted

(11)__________ the power of song, and might have written poetry like Milton. Yet their

uneventful lives were perhaps nobler (12)_____________ their way than those of famous men

who committed great crimes and drenched countries (13)______________ blood, leaving behind

them families (14)__________ distress, and ruined cities. This poem is written (15)_____________

a noble style, and deserves the fame it has acquired (16)_____________ England.

Ex. 5. (В, C) Supply the missing prepositions, conjunctions and connectives.

MRS BENNET' DEAREST WISH (after Jane Austen,

Everyone knows (1)__________ a man (2)__________ a good income who is not yet married

must need a wife. When such a man moves (3)___________ a new neighbourhood, this truth is

so well fixed (4)___________ the minds of the families who live there, that they immediately

consider him to be the property of one or other (5)_____________ their daughters. (6)___________

he himself may think about it is not a matter of any importance.

"My dear Mr Bennet," Mrs Bennet said (7)_____________ her husband one morning, "did you

know that Netherfield Park has been let (8)____________ last?"

Mr Bennet answered that he did not.

"Well, it has. Mrs Long has just been here and she told me."

Mr Bennet said nothing. *

"Don't you want to know who has rented it?" cried his wife impatiently.

"You want to tell me and I have no objection (9)____________ listening.

This was enough (10)__________ Mrs Bennet.

"My dear, Mrs Long says it has been rented (11)_____________ a young man (12)___________ a

large fortune. He came down (13)___________ Monday to see the place and was so delighted

(14) it that he plans to move (15)______________________ before the end of this month."

"What's his name?" "Bingley."

"Is he married or single?"

"Oh, single, my dear! A single man (16)______________ a very good income, four thousand

pounds a year. What a fine thing (17)____________ our girls!"

"However does it affect them?"

"My dear Mr Bennet, how can you be so annoying! (18)______________ I mean is that he might

marry one of them."

"Is that his reason (19)___________ renting Netherfield Park?"

"His reason? Of course not! Still, it is very likely that he will fall (20)_________________ love (21)

___ one of them, so you must visit him (22)________________ soon (23)__________ he arrives."

"I see no need for that. You and the girls can go, or you can send the five (24)_________________

them by themselves."

"But consider your daughters. Just think what a good marriage it would be for one of them!

You must go! It will be impossible (25)____________ us to visit him if you do not."

"I'm sure Mr Bingley will be very glad to see you; and I'll give you a letter saying he has my permission to marry any of the girls he chooses - though I must recommend my little Lizzy."

"You will do no such thing. Lizzy is no better (26)_____________ the others and she is not (27)

___ pretty (28)________________ Jane nor (29)___________ pleasant (30)___________ Lydia."

"None of them have much to recommend them," he replied. "They are all silly, stupid girls

but Lizzy is (31)__________ least a bit more intelligent than the others."

"Mr Bennet, (32)__________ can you be so rude (33)__________ your own children? You delight

(34) upsetting me. You make me so nervous. You don't know what I suffer."

"But I hope (35)__________ you'll get better, my dear, and live to see many young men worth

four thousand pounds a year move (36)____________ the neighbourhood."

Ex. 6. Translate these complex sentences into Russian. I (B, C)

1. Mortimer remains unconscious of the document until Lady Tippins says, "The Commendatore is giving you the note. Why don't you take it from him?"

2. I saw her once, you know, Marta. She could have had a good life once he became famous. But she refused everything and, just once, he took me to meet her.

3. I suppose, in view of everything, it's amazing that he ever fell in love with me at all. And that's why I'll go back.

4. "Things like that only happen in Act Three in Operetta." - "It was surely pure operetta that you came to work in Hochhauser - my son's girlfriend disguised as a prim stage designer - spying out the mystery of her lover's secret father."

5. There was a nock on the door. "D'you want anything ironed?" Declan peered in the mirror: "Only my face." He gave her his suit, light grey and very lightweight, as he was going to be under the hot lights for an hour.

6. I knew I had got it wrong again - that what was meant to be grand and romantic was funny and a mistake.

7. It was curious, for all around them was noise, people talking, eating, the smells of the kitchen wafting through and over them, and yet she felt they were cocooned in a silent world of their own, images lifting and falling from the past, making her understand things, as he talked.

8. I haven't heard such language as yours since we used to review the volunteers in Hyde Park twenty years ago.

9. You must forgive my grandfather, for, as far as he is concerned, it is yesterday that the Civil War ended, and besides, discretion has never been among his strongest traits.

10. "James will ask you your idea of the perfect romantic hero, Ashley," Deirdre was saying earnestly. "And it'd very nice if you could say: "You are, James", which would bring James in the centre of the interview."

11. The trees round the house are very tall, which makes the room dark.

12. The longer I looked at the picture, the more did it appeal to me.

13. Their lives, however, were uneventful and they had rather grown into the habit of expecting Mr Hathaway to bring back exciting tales of the people and adventures he had met with as he travelled about the country. "Well, did anything interesting happen?" Mrs Hathaway would ask as she helped him off with his overcoat in the hall. He had a little talent for telling stories and if he added a little colour and excitement, it hardly mattered since there was no-one to contradict him.

14. An angry argument suddenly develops between the clerk and the customer at the counter, or information is asked for, which results in the clerk having to ask a senior official, or, if it's a particularly tricky problem, disappear into a back room. Why it takes him so long, I don't know. Perhaps he has a quick snack but no, that can't be right because when at last my turn comes, he pushes forward a printed sign, saying "Position Closed" and without a smile says briefly, "Sorry, going to lunch."

»(C)

1. Later Robert, Earl of Leichester married the countess of Essex, which he also kept secret.

2. The fish, he thinks, were eaten raw, which, to some extent, still is the custom of the Aleuts.

3. What the author really meant, and what he showed in his own work, was something quite different from what he actually stated.

4. That translation is an interpretive art is a self-evident truth. Yet it is a paradox peculiar to the translator that he is the only interpretive artist working in a medium which is both identical with, and different from that of the original he sets out to render in his own terms.

5. What Greece and Rome have been to Europe, China has been to the nations of the Far East.

6. Why the noble example set by Chaucer should not have been followed up or even developed in other directions it is difficult to tell.

7. That many words which are separated in spelling are in reality compounds is also proved by the fact that they are grammatically treated as if they were single words.

8. It is natural, therefore, that the spread of the English language to distant parts of the world should have been accompanied by linguistic changes resulting in the development of new dialects.

9. Exeter, the ancient capital of Devonshire, is a lovely city, proud of being the only English town that has been lived in continuously since the time of the Romans.

10. Over most of England the average peasant had to stay where he was, do what he was told, and work for others as well as for himself, since otherwise the feudal contract could not be fulfilled by his social superiors.

11. It was during the reign of Theodosios I, the Great, 379 - 395, that the Olympic games were held at Constantinople (393), a number of antique monuments being brought to adorn the capital in honour of the occasion.

12. And it is precisely here that the comedies of Johnson and Shakespeare differ most profoundly.

Ex. 7. (C) Fill in the spaces with an attributive clause referring to the noun in italics. First read the story.

N.B. Remember that attributive clauses are introduced by the connectives who, that, which.

A cobbler (башмачник)__________ lived in an attic___________ at the top of a high building,

and made just enough money every day to keep him alive. But he was perfectly happy and

was always singing with joy, and when the day____________ came to an end, he slept soundly.

A rich banker_________, lived in a large house opposite, and was so far from being happy

that when the day____________, ended, he would not sleep for thinking of all the money

___, and was disturbed early in the morning by the cobbler___________________. One day he

sent over to the cobbler a present of a hundred pounds_____________. At first the cobbler was

overjoyed, but he soon began to lose his cheerfulness. He began to be afraid that someone

would steel his gold___________, and began to lose his sleep through the fear that someone

might come into his room___________. His songs__________ ceased, and at last he felt he

could bear it no longer, so seizing the bag of gold_________________, he went to the banker

___ and throwing down the money exclaimed, "Take back the hundred pounds

___ and leave me my happiness__________________, for my happiness is all___________."

A suggestion for the beginning of your first sentence:

A cobbler, who was young and cheerful, lived

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

	Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Past Participle	Translation
	arise	arose	arisen	возникать
	awake		awoke		awoke	будить; просыпаться
			awaked		awaked
	be		was	been	быть
			were
	bear	bore	bom	рождать
	bear	bore	borne	носить, выносить
	beat	beat	beaten	бить
	become	became	become	становиться
	begin	began	begun	начинать, -ся
	bend	bent	bent	гнуть, -ся, сгибать, -ся
	bind	bound	bound	связывать
	bite	bit	bit(ten)	кусать
	bleed	bled	bled	истекать кровью
	blow	blew	blown	дуть
	break	broke	broken	ломать
	breed	bred	bred	выводить, разводить
	bring	brought	brought	приносить
	broadcast		broadcast		broadcast	передавать по радио
			broadcasted		broadcasted
	build	built	built	строить
	bum	burnt	burnt	гореть, жечь
	burst	burst	burst	разрываться
	buy	bought	bought	покупать
	cast	cast	cast	бросать, кидать
	catch	caught	caught	ловить, схватывать
	choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
	cling	clung	clung	прилипать, цепляться
	come	came	come	приходить
	cost	cost	cost	стоить
	creep	crept	crept	ползать
	cut	cut	cut	резать
	deal	dealt	dealt	торговать; иметь дело
	dig	dug	dug	копать
	do	did	done	делать
	draw	drew	drawn	тащить; рисовать
	dream		dreamt		dreamt	видеть сны; мечтать
			dreamed		dreamed
	drink	drank	drunk	пить

	Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Past Participle	Translation
	drive	drove	driven	гнать; везти; ехать
	dwell	dwelt	dwelt	обитать;останавливаться
				подробно
	eat	ate	eaten	есть (принимать пищу)
	fall	fell	fallen	падать
	feed	fed	fed	кормить, -ся
	feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
	fight	fought	fought	бороться, сражаться
	find	found	found	находить
	flee	fled	fled	бежать, спасаться бегством
	fling	flung	flung	кидать, бросать
	fly	flew	flown	летать
	forbid	forbade	forbidden	запрещать
	forget	forgot	forgotten	забывать
	forgive	forgave	forgiven	прощать
	freeze	froze	frozen	замерзать, замораживать
	get	got	got	получать; становиться
	give	gave	given	давать
	go	went	gone	идти, ехать
	grind	ground	ground	точить; молоть
	grow	grew	grown	расти, выращивать
	hang	hung/hanged	hung/hanged	висеть, вешать
	have	had	had	иметь
	hear	heard	heard	слышать
	hide	hid		hid	прятать
				hidden
	hit	hit	hit	ударять; поражать
	hold	held	held	держать
	hurt	hurt	hurt	повредить, ушибать; обидеть
	keep	kept	kept	держать, хранить
	kneel	knelt	knelt	становиться на колени
	know	knew	known	знать
	lay	laid	laid	класть
	lead	led	led	вести
	lean		leant		leant	прислоняться
			leaned		leaned
	leap		leapt		leapt	прыгать
			leaped		leaped
	learn		learnt		learnt	учиться
			learned		learned
	leave	left	left	оставлять, уезжать
	lend	lent	lent	давать взаймы, одалживать

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