Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Most of the scientists invited to the conference were leading specialists.

2. Experiment is a test carried out to gain new knowledge.

3. In many countries there is a tax on things sold in the shop.

4. We spent the whole day packing.

5. Having noticed the fire, Laura called the fire brigade.

6. They walked along the street taking about coming examinations.

7. Having parked my car, I went to the office.

8. M. Twain wrote his greatest novel while working as a journalist.

9. My sister is always well-dressed.

10. Having spent all his money he started looking for a job.

The Present Perfect Tense.

Настоящее совершенное время.

Употребление:

1. Обозначает завершённое действие, связанное с настоящим. Результат действия важен для настоящего момента.

Steve has lost his key. (He doesn’t have it now.)

2. Личный опыт или перемены в жизни.

I've been to France twice.

3. Действие началось в прошлом, продолжается в настоящем, включает

настоящий момент.

We’ve lived in N. Novgorod all our lives.

He’s been ill all this week.

Have (has) + V 3

+	I, we, you, they have opened (done) He, she, it has opened (done)
-	I, we, you, they have not opened (done) He, she, it has not opened (done)
?	Have I, we, you, they opened (done) Has he, she, it opened (done)

Характерные наречия и словосочетания: just, already, yet, ever, never, lately, this week (month, year), several times.

Для выражения незавершенного действия Present Perfect употребляется с предлогом for (в течение) и since (с, с тех пор).

Упражнение 1.

Переведите предложения и объясните употребление Present Perfect.

1. We have never met before.

2. Peter has bought a new notebook lately.

3. My friends and I have gone to the café this week.

4. I’ve wanted to talk to you for a long time.

5. They haven’t seen each other since school.

6. Have you ever played baseball?

7. Has your brother come back from the army yet?

Упражнение 2.

Переведите предложения, поставьте их в отрицательную и вопросительную формы.

1. The students have just passed their last exam.

2. The lesson has already begun.

3. I have lately read a very interesting book.

4. Mother has made this beautiful dress.

5. We’ve seen this film twice.

6. Sam has told me about his new job.

7. This month the Hansons have had a rest in California.

The Past Perfect Tense.

Прошедшее совершенное время.

Употребление:

Обозначает действие, которое закончилось до определённого момента или

другого действия в прошлом.

When I got up, Laura had already cooked breakfast.

By 6 p.m. everyone had left the office.

Had + V3

+	I, we, you, they, he, she, it had done.
-	I, we, you, they, he, she, it had not done
?	Had I, we, you, they, he, she, it done

Упражнение 1.

Переведите предложения, поставьте их в отрицательную и вопросительную формы.

1. You had already been home by this time yesterday.

2. The students have passed all their exams by the end of July.

3. By 8 p.m. on Sunday we had already come back to town.

4. Yesterday I had got up before the alarm-clock rang.

5. We’d discussed all the matters before you came.

6. When they got to the station, the train had already left.

7. The children had returned from the cinema by 7 in the evening.

Упражнение 2.

Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужное грамматическое время. Переведите предложения.

1. My brother (to give) me the book which he (to buy) the day before.

2. By your last visit to our town we (to have) two children.

3. After Ann (to graduate) from university, she (to work) for the electronic company.

4. The boy (to say) the he (to take) the money from his parents.

5. I (to remember) that I (not to send) the telegram.

6. Mother (not to allow) Nick to play until he (to do) his homework.

7. You (to get) a higher education yet when you (to come) to Moscow?

The Future Perfect Tense.

Будущее совершенное время.

Употребление:

Обозначает действие, которое закончится до определённого момента или

другого действия в будущем.

Tom’s sister will have opened her own café by the beginning of the next month.

Will have + V3

+	I, we, you, they, he, she, it will have done
-	I, we, you, they, he, she, it will have not done
?	Will I, we, you, they, he, she, it have done

Упражнение 1.

Переведите предложения и объясните употребление времен.

1. We will have finished this work by 6 o’clock tomorrow.

2. By the time Nick comes to school, the lesson will have already begun.

3. Before we leave the university, we’ll have given all our textbooks back to the library.

4. The robbers will have already been far away by the time the policeman get information.

5. I won’t have gone to sleep yet if you call at eleven.

6. Will you have repaired my car by tomorrow morning?

7. How many examinations will the students have passed yet by the middle of January?

Упражнение 2.

Переведите предложения. Поставьте их в отрицательную и вопросительную формы.

1. All schoolchildren will have returned to town by the beginning of the academic year.

2. I’ll have corrected the mistakes by the first of March.

3. My sister will have already finished school when I come back from army.

4. She’ll have translated two pages before the lesson is over.

5. By next evening he will have already been far from here.

6. If you wake up at 8 o’clock, we’ll have already left for work.

7. By this time tomorrow Mr. Blake will have already received your

message.

Времена группы Perfect Continuous.

Эти времена выражают действия, продолжающиеся в течение какого-то периода времени до определенного момента в настоящем, прошедшем, или будущем (иногда включая этот момент)

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

Настоящее совершенное продолженное время.

+	I, we, you, they have been doing He, she, it has been doing
-	I, we, you, they have not been doing He, she, it has not been doing
?	Have I, we, you, they been doing Has he, she, it been doing

You have been arguing for half an hour already. Stop it!

Вы спорите уже пол - часа. Перестаньте!

Упражнение 1.

Переведите предложения и поставьте их в отрицательную и вопросительную формы.

1. We have been waiting for you for twenty minutes.

2. I’ve been reading for the exam for three days.

3. My sister has been doing figure skating since the age of six.

4. This TV- set has been working since 1996.

5. Granny has been growing flowers since she retired.

6. They’ve already been learning English for two years.

7. The surgeon’s already been operating on the patient for five hours.

Упражнение 2.

Переведите предложения, поставив глаголы в скобках в нужную форму настоящего времени. Объясните употребление времен.

1. I (to read) a book now. I (to read) it since 6 in the evening.

2. Michael (to like) sports. He (to do) sports since his childhood.

3. I (not to know) how to solve this problem. I (to think) of it for the whole day.

4. My friends (to travel) around Africa for two months already. They (to call) me from Cape Town this week.

5. Mother (to make) pies since morning. She just (to bake) a delicious cherry-pie and now she (to make) an apple - pie. I (to adore) her pies.

6. He (to play) computer games for three hours already?

7. How long you (to watch) TV yet?

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Прошедшее совершенное продолженное время.

+	I, we, you, they, he, she, it had been doing
-	I, we, you, they, he, she, it had not been doing
?	Had I, we, you, they, he, she, it been doing

I had been writing the report for two hours when the secretary invited me to the chief’s office.

Я писал доклад уже два часа, когда секретарь пригласила меня в кабинет начальника.

Упражнение 1.

Переведите предложения. Поставьте их в отрицательную и вопросительную формы.

1. Ben had been learning at the university for three years when I entered it.

2. John and Sarah had been dating for a year before they got married.

3. Freddy had been telling funny stories for half an hour when I joined the party.

4. Father had been smoking for many years before he decided to give up this bad habit.

5. Hellen had been doing her homework for two hours when her mother came from work.

6. The children had been playing in the yard for an hour and a half when mother called them in.

7. Before you came, we had been watching the film for twenty minutes.

Упражнение 2.

Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время. Переведите предложения.

1. When I (to enter) the classroom, the teacher (to give) a lecture for fifteen minutes.

2. My brother (to work) as a shop-assistant for six years before he (to decide) to get a higher education.

3. Father (to come) home late last night. His little son (to sleep) for three hours.

4. My parents (to return) to Russia last month. Before that they (to work) in the USA for five Years.

5. The workers (to discuss) the problem for forty minutes, when the chief engineer (to appear).

6. Before Nick (to go) to see a dentist, he (to suffer) from a toothache for a week.

7. The rain (to stop) on Thursday. It (to rain) since last week.

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

Будущее совершенное продолженное вр е мя.

+	I, we, you, they, he, she, it will have been doing
-	I, we, you, they, he, she, it will not have been doing
?	Will I, we, you, they, he, she, it have been doing

They will have been designing the project for three days when you join the team. Они будут разрабатывать этот проект в течение трёх дней, когда ты присоединишься к группе.

Упражнение 1.

Переведите предложения. Поставьте их в отрицательную и вопросительную формы.

1. We will have been reading for the exam for two hours when you come to the reading-room.

2. The pupils will have been writing a test for forty minutes when the bell rings.

3. I’ll have been training for an hour when my friend comes to a gym.

4. By Monday he‘ll have been staying at the hotel for five days.

5. Maggy will have been going shopping for hours before she returns home.

6. My children and I will have been walking in the park for half an hour when my husband joins us.

7. They’ll have been packing for some time when I am back.

Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы).

Их особенностью является:

1. Отсутствие форм инфинитива, причастия, герундия.

2. Они не изменяются по лицам и числам.

3. Смысловой глагол следует за модальным без частицы to (кроме ought to).

4. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются без вспомогательного глагола.

Модальные глаголы и их значения	Примеры	Синонимичные слова и обороты
Can (could) 1) возможность, способность, умение, разрешение 2) сомнение, удивление, невероятность	She can swim well.   It can’t be true.	To be able to – быть в стостоянии It’s impossible I don’t believe – не может быть, врядли, неужели
May (might) 1) разрешение 2) предположение с оттенком сомнения	May I take your pen?   He may (might) come back soon.	To be allowed to – быть разрешенным Perhaps – возможно May be – может быть
Must 1) обязанность, приказание, моральный долг 2) предположение (почти уверенность)	You must help her.   They must be in.	To have to – приходится, вынужден, должен To be to – должен (предстоит, предстояло) Probably, I am sure – вероятно, должно быть
Should 1) совет, рекомендация, моральный долг 2) упрек	You should give up smoking.   She shouldn’t have told that.	Ought to – следует, следовало бы, должен I advise you – советую
Needn’t Отсутствие необходимости	You needn’t help me.	Don’t (doesn’t) have to – не нужно

Упражнение 1.

Переведите предложения. Поставьте их в вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

1) I can speak two foreign languages.

2) She may take my phone.

3) All the students can use the internet.

4) I could find the lost book.

5) You may take my camera with you.

6) You must do the work in time.

7) They ought to be more polite.

8) You should take this medicine three times a day.

9) We will be able to discuss this problem tomorrow.

10) We were allowed to wait for Mr. Flint in the sitting-room.

11) I always have to get up at six in the morning.

12) He is to do these exercises for the next lesson.

Примечание:

Для построения отрицательных и вопросительных предложений с оборотом to have to используются вспомогательные глаголы соответствующих времен.

Упражнение 2.

Поставьте в пропуски подходящую по смыслу форму модального глагола (его эквивалента, вспомогательного глагола). Переведите предложения.

1) Her daughter … dance very well.

2) Parents … take care of their children.

3) Children … not go to school in summer.

4) I … see all my friends at the party last night.

5) The students … … to take five exams in June.

6) You … not go out without cap in cold weather.

7) When … the meeting to begin?

8) The teacher … not … to repeat his question twice.

9) … I read this magazine?

10) Sometimes Peter … to work on Sunday.

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