VI. Render the text in English

З ІСТОРІЇ МУКАЧІВСЬКОГО ЗАМКУ

Вітаємо Вас у нашому славному замку, одному з найцінніших пам'яток історії та військової архітектури XIV - XVII ст.. Мукачівський замок - цс зразок середньовічної фортифікаційної архітектури, в якому поєднані різні стилі.
Мукачівський замок розташований на горі вулканічного походження висотою 68 м і займає площу біля 14 тис. кв. м. Замок складається з трьох
частин і розміщений на трьох терасах. Найстаріший Верхній замок XIV –XVI ст.. знаходиться на вершині гори, Середній XVII ст.. - на терасі на 6 м нижче і Нижній замок теж XVII ст. – ще на 10м нижче від середнього. На початку XVIII ст. на четвертій терасі ще на 10 м нижче була збудована вежа для охорони воріт, а також дорога до замку по західному схилу гори. Ця дорога збереглася до наших днів, а вежа була зруйнована ще на початку XX ст., залишився тільки її фундамент. Весь замок і кожна його частина оточені кам'яними кріпосними стінами 3-3,5 м завтовшки, сухими ровами глибиною 10-12 м, через які були перекинуті дерев'яні, колись підйомні, мости. Охороняють замок 8 могутніх бастіонів, прибудованих у XVII ст. по кутах всіх трьох частин замку, на яких в давнину була розміщена артилерія. Ворота в Нижній замок, де знаходилася сторожа, охороняють два могутні кулеподібні бастіони. Середній замок, має 4 бастіони, великий двір, оточений дво-триповерховими будівлями, в яких розміщувалися казарми для гарнізону, арсенал, лицарський зал, кухні, комори. З північної сторони двору стояв колись будинок коменданта, який був розібраний у другій половині XX ст., залишився тільки фундамент. За ним височать кам'яні стіни XIV ст. Верхнього замку, в який можна піднятися сходами зліва і справа. Зліва – це сходи квадратної вежі кінця ХV ст. Справа - це так званий "хід-пастка", вирубаний під південно-східною вежею у кінці XVII ст. Верхній замок, колишня резиденція його володарів, має закритий з усіх сторін двір, дво-триповсрхові будівлі - колишні розкішні князівські палати XVI-XVII ст., три круглі вежі XIV ст.. добудовані у XVII ст., замкову каплицю XVII ст. З північної сторони Верхній замок захищають два бастіони.

VII. Act as a guide.

MANILA

Manila is the capital city of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities (along with the municipality of Pateros) that comprise the national capital region of Metro Manila. The City of Manila is located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is bordered by the cities of Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City - to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong - to the east, Makati - to the southeast, and Pasay to the south.

Manila sits on an archipelago just at the edge of the Asian continent, some 14° 35' N, 121º 00 E'. It’s 700 miles (1,100 km.) or 2 hours flight time from Hong Kong, 1,400 miles (2,200 km.) or 3:15 hours from Bangkok, 1,500 miles (2,400 km) or 3:35 hours from Singapore, 1,900 miles (3.000 km) or 4:15 hours from Tokyo, and 1,800 miles (2,800 km.) from 4:25 hours from Beijing.

Ever so physically endowed, it is sitting in the throes of two notoriously dangerous volcanoes - Pinatubo to the north, which made headlines in 1991 when it spewed dust all over the world and dropped global temperature by 2°, and Taal to the south which always makes headlines every decade or so, while this city straddles the Pacific Rim of Fire underneath. What more, it lies in the path of the tropical monsoon bringing those more and more powerful typhoons during the second half of the year. It is fringed to the south by the idyllic Lake Bai - a veritable scenic showcase of Hispanized native folk and traditional culture, and farther south by cool and refreshing Lake Taal.

Manila is often described as the only capital city in Asia that’s not an Orientalist's wet dream. A foreigner will be surprised that a local looks just like any Asian, but wears mostly T-shirt and jeans, or jersey, can communicate in English, reads and writes Roman text, and is not at home with chopsticks. As we now see it, Manila is more modern and western judging from the steel and glass skyscrapers dotting the skyline.

History

The earliest written account of the city is the 10th-century Laguna Copperplate Inscription which describes a context of an Indianized kingdom maintaining diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Medang. The city was invaded by Brunei's Sultan Bolkiahand and was already Islamized by the 15th century when the Spanish explorers first arrived.

For over three centuries Manila had been colonized and administered by Spain which left an enduring architectural heritage throughout the Philippines, especially with respect to churches, forts and other colonial buildings which can still be seen in the ruins of Intramuros, built in the late 16th century. Manila began as a settlement on the banks of the Pasig River, and its name originated from "Maynilad," referring to the mangrove plant known as Nilad, which was abundant in the area. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, Manila had been home to Muslim-Malays, who descended from the Arabs, Indians, East Asians and other Southeast Asians.

Manila was colonized by the Spaniard Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1571. Its broad sweep of fertile lands made it more attractive than Cebu, which had been the capital. King Philip II of Spain conferred on the city the illustrious title Isigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City), but the city continued to be called by its pre-Hispanic name of Maynilad (presumed to be from may, meaning 'there is', and nilad, a mangrove plant that grew in abundance on the banks of the Pasig River), which was later corrupted to Manila.

Manila eventually became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade route linking Latin America and Asia. The city would eventually be given the moniker of the "Pearl of the Orient," as a result of its central location in the vital Pacific sea trade routes. Several Chinese insurrections, local revolts, a British Occupation and a Sepoy mutiny also occurred shortly thereafter. Manila also saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution which was followed by the arrival of the Americans who made contributions to the city's urban planning and development only to have most of those improvements lost in the devastation of World War II. Since then the city has been rebuilt.

From the late 19th century onwards, Manila has been called the Paris of Asia. It was a thriving trading centre, its multicultural mix providing a good entry point into China and other emerging lands. In 1905, Daniel Burnham, the master planner of Chicago, was hired to produce a master plan for the city. His grand vision included Roxas Blvd, which even today, under its somewhat shabby patina, echoes Lake Shore Dr in Chicago. Intramuros and the surrounding districts were busy with business and entertainment and the streets were lined with grand structures, many reflecting the best of Art Deco design.

WWII changed everything. Many claim the city has never recovered. The month-long Battle for Manila between the Japanese and the Americans resulted in the town's destruction, with over 150,000 locals killed (by comparison, the atomic attack on Hiroshima killed about 140,000).

Rebuilding was sporadic. Present-day Metro Manila is a conglomeration of 17 cities and municipalities unified by Marcos' decree in 1976. Many locals complain about the scattered character of Manila; it's true that the various districts feel disunified and there is no sense of a whole.

Manila has a total population of 1,652,171 according to the 2010 census. Manila is the second most populous city in the Philippines, behind its neighbor, Quezon City. It is the most densely populated city in the world.

The city is divided into six legislative districts and consists of sixteen geographical districts: Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate,Paco, Pandacan, Port Area, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Andres, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa and Tondo. Bustling commerce and some of the most historically and culturally significant iconic landmarks in the country, as well as the seat of the executive and judicial branches of the government are found in the city. Manila is also home to many scientific and educational institutions, numerous sport facilities, and other culturally and historically significant venues.

Listed as a global city, Manila has its strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport making it the historical, cultural, political, economic and educational center of the Philippines.

It's a pity that Manila is often disparaged, as there's much here to like. For one, all the adjectives often used to describe the Philippines - jovial, laid back, casual, corrupt, shambolic, earnest and more are on display here more than anywhere else in the country. It's a truly teeming metropolis that gets bigger each day, both in population, with people pouring in from the hinterlands, and size, as new developments in all directions swallow up villages and rice fields.

Manila can be a very discombobulated place, for it is really just a collection of towns with no definable centre. The walled Intramuros area was the traditional centre of Manila, but was mostly wiped out in WWII and has never recovered. Binondo, Quiapo, Ermita and Malate have never been more than a supporting cast for a star that doesn't exist. Still, you may well find lots of fun in Ermita and Malate, while Binondo and Quiapo have a certain raw energy and unique markets. And Intramuros is a good place to explore, just to find the bones of its past.

Other parts of town are more lively. At the centre of modern Manila is Makati, the commercial centre for the country. Here, in almost orderly surroundings, you can shop, eat and drink to your heart's content. It transcends the generic-mall syndrome by having its own unique vibe that comes from the hordes of locals who come here to work, relax and play. As many will tell you, 'this is the Manila we wish we had'.

Rather than seeing Manila as an amorphous mass, focus instead on enjoying its individual areas, and you will start to get a feel for the greater Manila, which really is a sum of its parts.

Museums

The National Museum of the Philippines

As the cultural center of the Philippines, Manila houses a number of notable museums. Bahay Tsinoy, one of Manila's most prominent museums, documents the Chinese lives and contributions to the history of the Philippines. The Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles the Filipinos desire for freedom during the revolution under Rizal's leadership and other revolutionary leaders. The Metropolitan Museum of Manila exhibits the Filipino arts and culture. The Museum of Manila is the city-owned museum that exhibits the city's culture and history.

Manila is also the home to other notable museums of the country, namely the Museo Pambata, a children's museum, the Museum of Philippine Political History, which exhibits notable political events in the country, the National Museum of the Philippines (which includes the Museum of the Filipino People) of which exhibits life, culture and history of the country, the Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned and the San Agustin Church Museum, which houses religious artifacts, Plaza San Luis, a public museum, the UST Museum of Arts and Sciences and the DLS-CSB Museum of Contemporary Art and Design (MCAD), both of which are university museums dedicated to science and technology, and contemporary art respectively.

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