Subject 2. The main directions in the history of development of sociology

Occupation purpose: acquaintance to history of emergence of sociology; studying of the main stages of its development; detection of specifics of various schools and the directions in sociology.

Basic concepts: positivism, an evolutionism, organicism, social Darvinism, the understanding sociology, a paradigm, a symbolical interactionism, a structural functionalism.

Main theories and concepts: O. Comte and G. Speser's positivistic concept, theory of "the social fact" of E. Durkheim, theory of social action of M. Weber, structural and functionalistic concept, theory of the conflict.

Plan:

1. Prerequisites of emergence of sociology in Western Europe and the USA. O. Comte, G. Spencer, K. Marx's views.

2. Classical period of development of sociology. E. Durkheim, M. Weber's views.

3. Main directions of modern western sociology.

Questions for reflection, self-examination, repetition:

1. What tendencies of social and scientific development made the defining impact on formation of sociological knowledge in the XIX century?

2. When the term "sociology" whom consider her as the father, the ancestor and why was for the first time introduced into circulation? And maybe, there were some founders?

3. What main stages of development of sociology?

4. Call the most famous sociologists of the end of XIX – the beginning of the XX centuries. What their contribution to development of sociological thought?

5. Whether it is possible to call K. Marx's doctrine about society sociology?

6. What features of the American sociology?

7. What do you know about history of development of the Kazakhstan sociological thought?

8. In what feature of the present stage of development of sociology?

Tasks and exercises:

1. What provisions of positivism of O. Comte kept relevance in modern sociology?

2. O. Comte proclaimed the main means of achievement of social harmony creation and promotion certain "new religion of mankind". What main cult lines and a catechism were stated by Comte in the works? What?

3. Draw the scheme "Three Stages of Evolutionary Knowledge of O. Comte".

4. In what limitation of a position of G. Spencer in understanding of specifics of a social phenomenon?

5. If for Comte and Durkheim the main thing – stabilization of society, for K. Marx – his destruction and replacement new, more fair. Whether such statement is right?

6. What fundamental differences of ideas of K. Marx, E. Durkheim, M. Weber, P. Sorokin's society?

7. The French sociologist E. Durkheim is the founder of complete sociological school. In what integrity according to Durkheim consists? What is the social activity and what such "the social facts" across Dyurk-geymu? How to explain Durkheim's requirement "to explain social social"?

8. Draw model of social development of M. Weber. Give determination of rationality according to M. Weber. In what concepts of "the understanding sociology" and "the theory of social action" consist?

9. Formulate the main merits and demerits of a structural functionalism of T. Parsons.

Definitions:

1) the knowledge giving the generalized model of statement of problems and their decisions;

2) the direction in sociology believing that society consists of the components which are closely connected with each other which the interaction support existence of all system;

3) the concept of social interaction according to which the behavior of people is influenced by how it is rewarded;

4) the direction in sociology focused on research of society by the methods similar to methods of natural sciences;

5) the initial name of sociology in O. Comte's works;

6) process of interaction of people with each other;

7) the most abstract concepts by means of which the researcher orders empirical material (M. Weber);

8) the direction in sociology claiming that society is designed by individuals and therefore demands specific methods of knowledge;

9) the reality having impact on the individual (E. Durkheim);

10) sociological school which main method is the analysis of colloquial statements and detection with their help of implicit mechanisms of behavior.

Problem tasks:

1. Analyse why from K. Marx's doctrine in modern conditions opposite conclusions are drawn:

a) Marx's doctrine humanely, in his basis – idea of a personal freedom;

b) Marx's doctrine antigumanno, in it sources of suppression of the personality, totalitarianism.

What your position on this problem? May you give similar examples from history of social doctrines?

2. Read two fragments from works:

"… the sociologist, on the contrary, has to tell directly: I wish to learn the relations existing between society and its members, but except knowledge I wish still implementation of such and my such ideals which feasible definition herewith I apply".

"Therefore, when the sociologist undertakes researches of any class of the facts, he has to try to consider them from that party with which they are represented isolated from the individual representations". (Durkheim E. Metod of sociology. – M, 1991. Page 446).

What distinction in understanding of a method of sociology these authors?

Literature:

1. Бейсембиев Н. Очерки истории общественно-политической и философской мысли Казахстана. Алматы. 1985.

2. Гофман А.Б. Семь лекций по истории социологии. М., 1997.

3. Капитонов Э.А. История и теория социологии. М., 2000.

4. Современная американская социология. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1994.

5. Современная западная историческая социология. М., 1989.

6. Социология: Хрестоматия./Сост. А. А. Горелов. М.: Хронограф, 1998.

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