The notion of the narrative perspective (focalization). Types of narrative perspectives.

Narrative perspective shows the narrator’s position regarding the story as a whole and its specific minor aspects. It is the perspective from which the reader is shown actions, character and events of the textual world.

According to Домашнев, Шишкина, Гончаров narrative perspective can be:

17) Omniscient or unlimited (external focalization) -is told by the author, using the third person, and his knowledge ad prerogatives are unlimited. He is free to switch form one episode to another. He is free to go wherever he wishes, to peer inside minds and hearts of characters. He can interpret their behavior, he can comment, he knows all. It offers constant danger that author may come between the readers and the story or shifting of new point of character to character.

18) Limited Omniscient (internal focalization) - in the third person, from the view point of the character, looks through his eyes, his mind. He knows everything about this character,but nothing about other.

19) Objective - forces readers to make their own interpretation. But it must really on action or dialogues,that’s why it must depend on the author.

Omniscient (external) Omniscient(internal)

Time An external narrator an internal narrator

Uses all the temporal is limited to the

Diminisions(виміри) present of the characters.

Of the story (Past, Pr)

Space the narrator is located the view of a limited observer

above the objects of his

Perception and chooses panoramic plain; close up description; the average

or middle

Cognition the narrator knows the knowledge of internal

everything. His knowledge narrator is restricted. This

Is unlimited. This style type is called subjective

Of narration is objective colored, involved

Or neutral involved focalization

Facets of focalization (perceptive, psychological, ideological)

The Perceptual facet is determined by time, space

Space -

External/internal position of the focalizer, takes the form of the limited observer. The classical position of a narrator focalizer, yield a panoramic view or simultaneous focalization of things.

Simultaneous focalization is impossible when focalization is attached to a character or to an unpersonified position internal to story.

Time -

External focalization is panchronic in the case of an unpersonified focalizer, retrospective in the case of a character focalizing his own past.

Internal focalization is synchronous with the information, regulated by the focalizer.

External focalization has at his disposal all the temporal dimensions of the story internal is limited to the presence.

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