Graphical means of stylistics. Graphon.

Graphon – the intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation.

Functions of Graphon:

1) serves as a means of speech characterization supplying information about the speakers origin, social and educational background, physical or emotional conditions etc.;

2) often creates a humorous effect;

3) it helps to convey the atmosphere of authentic life communication some amalgamated forms that are result of assimilation. (gonna, lemme)

4) used in advertisement to attract the audience with an unusual form (sooper).

Other graphical means used in stylistics to emphasize the unheard phonetic characteristics – the pitch of the voice, the stress and other melodic features:

1) punctuation marks – a series of dots, dashes, exclamation and question marks;

2) spacing of the graphemes (multiplication – laaarge; high phonation – a-l-o-n-e; capitalization – HELP)

3) different types of print: bold type, italics;

4) a specific arrangement of printed materials.

20. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: SD based on the use of nouns; SD based on the use of articles.

The main unit of the morphological level is a morpheme — the smallest meaningful unit which can be singled out in a word There are two types of morphemes: root morphemes and affix ones. Morphology chiefly deals with forms, functions and meanings of affix morphemes.

Affix morphemes in English are subdivided into word-building and form-building morphemes. In the latter case affixation may be: 1) synthetical (boys, lived, comes, going) 2) analytical (has invited, is invited, does not invite); 3) based on the alteration of the root vowel (write - wrote)', 4) suppletive (go - went).

There are few language (or paradigmatic) synonyms among English morphemes and only some of them form stylistic oppositions, e.g. he lives- he does live. Come! -Do come! Don't forget- Don't you forget This scarcity of morphological EM which is predetermined by the analytical character of the English language is compensated by a great variety of SD.

Morphological SD as a deliberate shift in the fixed distribution of morphemes can be created by means of: a) the violation of the usual combinability of morphemes within a word, e.g. the plural of uncountable nouns (sands, waters, times), or the Continuous forms of the verbs of sense perception (to be seeing, to be knowing, to be feeling): b) the violation of the contextual distribution of morphemes, which is called form transposition.

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