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Indirect (reported) speech (непряма мова)

ТО BE ABLE TO | ТО BE ALLOWED TO | Indirect statements are generally introduced by the verbs to say, to tell, to announce and in official style by the verb to inform. | Word order in an indirect question is the same as in a statement. An indirect general question is introduced by the conjunction if or whether. | Mood is a grammatical category which indicates an attitude of the speaker to the action expressed by the verb (predicate) from the point of view of its reality. | USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD | Make up Conditional sentences of all types. |


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  1. A) Uttered Represented Speech
  2. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922): speech shaped current
  3. Aposiopesis( Gr.aposiopan to keep silence) is a stylistic device of a sudden pause, break in speech.
  4. Author's Narrative. Dialogue. Interior Speech. Represented Speech. Compositional Forms
  5. B. Some speeches are recited from memory.
  6. Change into indirect speech observing the rules of the sequence of tenses. Comment on the changes.
  7. Change into indirect speech. Observe the rules of the sequence of tenses.

When direct speech is converted into indirect speech the following changes are introduced:

1. The quotation marks and the comma (or colon) are omitted.

2. If the speaker reports somebody else's words the pronouns of the 1st person are replaced by those of the 3rd person; the pro­nouns of the 2nd by those of the 1st or 3rd.

He said, "I am ready." He said he was ready.

3. If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, demonstrative pronouns and adverbials expressing nearness are replaced by words expressing distance or no adverb is used at all:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Here This These Now there that those then, at that time (moment)
Today Yesterday Ago A year ago Last night that day the day before or on the previous day before a year before the previous night

 

4. If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of tenses.

 

Здвиг часів при зміні прямої мови на непряму
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
The Present Indefinite → → the Past Indefinite
The Present Continuous → → the Past Continuous
The Present Perfect → → → the Past Perfect
The Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
The Past Indefinite → → the Past Perfect
The Past Continuous → → The Past Continuous or the Past Perfect Continuous
The Past Perfect → → The Past Perfect
The Past Perfect Continuous → → The Past Perfect Continuous
The Future…… → → The Future...... in the Past.

TEST YOURSELF

1. What changes take place when a direct speech is converted into an indirect one?

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TO HAVE TO — ТО BE TO| Indirect orders and requests
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