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(a) Statements
Model. Dan said, ‘I saw Ann yesterday. ’
Dan said he had seen Ann the day before.
The Past Indefinite Active is changed into the Past Perfect Active. The adverbial yesterday is replaced by the adverbial the day before.
1. The teacher said, ‘England defeated the allied French and Spanish fleets in a great naval battle at Trafalgar in 1805.’
2. ‘The bus had already left by that time,’ said Ron.
3. ‘I’m writing the essay now,’ said Roger.
4. Dolly said to Pete, ‘I’ll come as soon as the rain stops.’
5. ‘I’ve been looking for my gloves for half an hour,’ Mary said.
6. Mr O’Brian said, ‘We’ve already reconstructed the factory, and, I think, a new bridge will have been built by next month.’
7. ‘I’ve never been in China,’ said Dorothy.
8. The mother said, ‘Auntie Lucy arrived yesterday and is going to leave next week.’
9. ‘He was exhausted because he had been running for an hour,’ Nancy said.
10. Betty said to the teacher, ‘Sir, I’ve just done Exercise 7 and I’m writing Exercise 8 now.’
(b) Questions
Model. Dan asked Ann, ‘ What are you doing?’
Dan asked Ann what she was doing.
The indirect special question is introduced by the pronoun what. The word order is direct. The Present Continuous Active is changed into the Past Continuous Active
1. ‘Why is this book often referred to?’ Paul asked.
2. He asked Ann, ‘Does your sister live in Kyiv or in Lviv?’
3. Mary asked Lucy, ‘Who has this letter been written by?’
4. The teacher asked the student, ‘You’re ready for the lesson, aren’t you?’
5. Jack wondered, ‘Who has done this?’
6. ‘What is being built here?’ the tourist asked.
7. Ron asked July, ‘Don’t you like chocolate?’
8. Dan asked Nancy, ‘Have you read this article?’
9. ‘Professor Miller will be giving his lecture next week, won’t he?’ asked Chris.
10. The car dealer enquired, ‘Which make of car would you like, a Merc or a BMW?’
(c) Orders and requests
Model. Dan said to Ann, ‘ Pass me the salt.’
Dan told Ann to pass him the salt.
The indirect request is expressed by the TO - Infinitive.
1. He said to Mary, ‘Don’t shout at me!’
2. The manager said to his secretary, ‘Go there immediately!’
3. I said to Bob, ‘Don’t stand in my way.’
4. Betty said to Martin, ‘Don’t come to me anymore!’
5. She said to the bartender, ‘Refill my glass.’
6. Caroline said to Ben, ‘Don’t speak to me like that!’
7. Peter said to the customer, ‘Check your change.’
8. They said to me, ‘Lock the front door.’
9. The teacher said to his students, ‘Read and translate Text 1.’
10. The trooper said to Jim, ‘Get out of the car!’
(d) Offers, suggestions and advice
Model. Dan said, ‘Let’s go to the movies.’
Dan suggested going to the movies.
To report the indirect suggestion we use the verb to suggest.
1. Peter said, ‘Let’s have a walk before lunch.’
2. ‘You’d better do it at once,’ Mary said to Ben.
3. Ann asked me, ‘Would you like some tea?’
4. He said to his sister, ‘Let’s ask Father about it.’
5. ‘Can I get you some coffee?’ Betty said to Tim.
6. Bob said, ‘Perhaps we should tell her the truth.’
7. ‘You should be more tolerant towards other people,’ his mother said.
8. He said to Lucy, ‘Why not have a party?’
9. ‘Go on, have another beer,’ Paul said to Mark.
10. ‘Shall we listen to some music?’ said Dan.
(e) Exclamations, greetings and leave - taking
Model. Dan said to Ann, ‘Goodbye, dear.’
Dan said goodbye to Ann.
To report a leave-taking we use the expression to say goodbye to sb.
1. ‘Happy New Year!’ Margaret said to the guests.
2. Ron said, ‘Good luck, John!’
3. ‘What a nice day!’ Kate said.
4. Nancy said to Ann, ‘Glad to see you! Come in.’
5. Benny said to his uncle, ‘I’m so sorry you have to leave!’
6. ‘Good bye, Sue,’ said Robert.
7. Emily said to Betty, ‘What a surprise! We’ll see Jack again!’
8. ‘Sorry to trouble you, but could you tell me the way to the station, please?’ said the stranger.
9. Archie opened the door and said, ‘Hello, Dolly!’
10. Phil said to Cathie, ‘I have to go. Good night!’
(f) Modal verbs and the Subjunctive Mood
Model. Dan said, ‘I can help you, Ann. ’
Dan said he could help Ann.
The modal verb can is replaced by its past form could.
1. ‘I can go there any time,’ said Paul.
2. The man said, ‘She must be playing in the back yard.’
3. Tom said to July, ‘If I had money, I should buy you this bracelet.’
4. ‘Whoever he may be, I don’t believe her,’ said Mary.
5. Ann said, ‘I can’t give you my phone, Lucy.’
6. Bill asked, ‘Shall I help Betty with her homework?’
7. ‘You mustn’t talk to strangers,’ said the father to his son.
8. Andrew said to me, ‘The door won’t open.’
9. The doctor said to the patient, ‘You would feel better if you had taken the medicine yesterday.’
10. David said, ‘Dorothy must have returned already.’
Exercise 59.
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| Translate the following sentences into English using the appropriate tenses and voices. Comment on the use of tenses. | | | Change into indirect speech. Observe the rules of the sequence of tenses. |