TO HAVE TO — ТО BE TO

Необхідність

ТО HAVE TO — вимушена необхідність

ТО BE TO¹ — необхідність по домовленості, плану або наказу

I have to go there. — повинен (вимушений)

I am to go there. — повинен, (домовились, або за розкладом)

I had to go there — вимушений

I was to go there — було потрібно

18. Translate. 1. I was to wait for her at the railway station. 2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 3. They were to start on Monday. 4. He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger. 5. Roses were to be planted round the pond. 6. There was to be a discussion later on. 7. We were to get there before the others. 8. He was to tell her where to find us. 9. She was to graduate that year. 10. She was to wear that dress at the graduation party. 11. He is to come here at five o'clock. 12. The train was to leave at five-fifteen.

NEED

NEED NOT — відсутність необхідності (можно не...)

NEED...? —потрібно...?

You need not do it. — можете не робити Need I do it? — треба?

Сравните:

Ти не можеш робити це. — You cannot do it.

Ти можеш не робити це. — You need not do it.'

Зверніть увагу:

You need not have done it — могли й не робити (але зробили)

19. Translate. 1. My sister cannot write this letter: she is very busy. 2. My sister need not write this letter: I shall phone them. 3. She cannot buy bread. 4. She need not buy bread. 5. You cannot read so many books. 6. You need not read so many books. 7. Nick cannot go to school today. 8. Nick need not go to school today. 9. They cannot translate this article. 10. They need not translate this article. 11. They could not write the composition. 12. They need not have writ­ten the composition. 13.1 could not go to the library. 14. I need not have gone to the library. 15. He could not stay there for the night. 16. He need not have stayed there for the night. 17. We could not do all this work. 18. We need not have done all this work. 19. She could not cook such a big dinner. 20. She need not have cooked such a big dinner.

20. Fill in the gaps with may, must or need. 1.... we hand in our compositions tomorrow? — No, you... not, you... hand them in after Sunday. 2.... John really do this today? — No, he... not, he... do it tomorrow if he likes. 3. You... not let this cup fall: it... break. 4.... I help you with your coat on? 5.... I take this book for a little while? — I am sorry, but I... return it to the library at once. 6. Alec... practise this sound spe­cially, but the other pupils... not: they all pro­nounce it properly. 7. They... come at any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they... not come if they don't want to. 8.... I go there right now? — Yes, you....

MUST — MAY — MIGHT — CAN'T

У значенні припущення

MUST — повинно бути, напевне

MAY – може бути

MIGHT — може бути (але малоймовірно)

CAN'T — не може бути

21. Translate.

He	must may might can't	know your sister be busy be ill be tired be hungry
be	sleeping working hard watching TV having dinner playing football
have	forgotten your address lost your book missed the train caught cold fallen ill left the country sold his piano bought a car

22. Translate using must, may, might or can't.

1. Вони напевно живуть у Києві. 2. Вони можливо живуть у Києві. 3. Може вони й живуть у Києві (але малоймовірно). 4. Не може бути, що вони живуть у Києві. 5. Вони напевне жили у Києві. 6. Може вони й жили у Києві (але малоймовірно). 7. Не може бути, щоб вони жили у Києві. 8. Він напевне на роботі. 9. Він напевне був на роботі. 10. Він може бути на роботі. 11.Він можливо був на роботі. 12. Може він і на роботі (але малоймовірно). 13. Може він і був на роботі але малоймовірно). 14. Не може бути, що він на роботі. 15. Не може бути, що він був на роботі.

23. Translate. 1. Не must have taken it. 2. He had to take it. 3. He must be trying to find the lost stamp. 4. You must try to find the lost stamp. 5. She must be the youngest child in this group. 6. If you want to be­come a good football player, you must be an all-round athlete. 7. I had to read the letter twice be­fore I understood it. 8. He must have read the letter many times. 9. What must you think of me? 10. They must be talking about us.

SHOULD

Було б слід

You should work more seriously. Вам було б слід працювати серйозніше.

Порівняйте:

You should do it. — Вам слід було б зробити це (зараз)

You should have done it. — Вам слід було б зробити це (раніше)

You should not do it. — Вам не слід було б робити це (зараз)

You should not have done it. — Вам не слід було б робити це (раніше)

Зверніть увагу:

You should have done it. — слід було б зробити (а ви не зробили)

You should not have done it. — не слід було б робити (а ви зробили)

24. Give a piece of advice using should and the words in brackets.

E.g. Her diction is not very good, (to read aloud) She should read aloud.

1. The boy is a little pale, (to play out-of-doors) 2. I am afraid you will miss that train, (to take a taxi) 3. There is no one in. (to try the room next door) 4. I have a slight irritation in my throat, (to smoke less) 5. TKs child doesn't want to eat soup, (not to give her sweets before dinner) 6. She makes a lot of spelling mistakes, (to copy passages out of a book) 7. The dog is afraid of him. (not to shout at the dog) 8. The students are unable to follow what I am saying, (not to speak so fast)

25. Fill in the gaps with should or must. 1. a) You... have studied the material thorough­ly. I see you have made no mistakes in the test-paper. b) You... have studied the material thorough­ly. Then you would not have made so many mistakes. 2. a) She... have followed the doctor's advice. She would have recovered by now. b) She... have followed the doctor's advice. She looks very fine. 3. a) You... have ignored the instructions of your sports coach. That's why you lost the game. b) You... have followed the instructions of your sports coach. Then you would have won the game. 4. a) She... have forgotten to take her medicine, b) She... have remembered to take her medi­cine. 5. a) I... have got on the wrong bus. I cannot recognize the places we are passing, b) I... have looked carefully at the number of the bus. Now I must change buses, and I am afraid I shall be late.

26. Translate. 1. Не must have sold his piano. 2. He may have sold his piano. 3. He might have sold his piano. 4. He can't have sold his piano. 5. He should have sold his piano. 6. He shouldn't have sold his piano. 7. He needn't have sold his piano. 8. He didn't have to sell his piano. 9. He had to sell his piano. 10.He was to sell his piano.

27. Translate. 1. Вони напевне поїхали у Лондон. 2. Вони можливо поїхали до Нью-Йорку. 3. Може вони і поїхали у Лондон (але навряд чи). 4. Не може бути, щоб вони поїхали у Лондон 5. Їм слід було поїхати у Лондон (а вони не поїхали). 6. їм не слід було їхати в Лондон (а вони поїхали). 7. Вони могли й не їхати у Лондон (а вони поїхали). 8. Им нема чого було їхати в Лондон (вони й не поїхали). 9. Їм прийшлось поїхати в Лондон. 10. Вони мали поїхати в Лондон.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14