Fill in the correct prepositions.

1. Imaginative communication plays a major role … the lives of all people.

2. The interest … arts usually grows dramatically … this very period.

3. Adults are enthusiastic consumers … imaginative messages.

4. Preschool children learn that they can influence others … crying.

5. Learning … persuasive communication is a lifelong process.

6. Persuasive communication plays a central role … a number … professions.

7. Now the most talked-about form … persuasive communication is advertising.

13. Scan the text: “Let’s communicate.” Memorise the ten golden rules.

Communication is the process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods. There are different types of communication: language, dialogue, nonverbal (body language) communication. You cannot only learn new about some persons by communication, but you can introduce yourself properly. All people are unique and different and this makes communication complicated. Two basic qualities of every good communicator are: knowing when to talk and when to listen. They seem like easy enough things to do but like everything else, they need a lot of practice before you get them right.

Here is a list of ten golden rules, which you can try out for yourselves:

1. First and foremost learn to speak to yourself. Once you’re sure of what you really want to say, communicating it to others is much easier. 2. Never force others to listen to your problems. A one-sided conversation isn’t a real dialogue. 3. Choose carefully the people you confide in. Not everyone is willing to listen to problems and secrets or help you to solve them. 4. Wait for the right moment. Check that the person you want to talk to has enough time to dedicate to you. 5. Don’t exaggerate! Don’t think that others will only listen to you if you have serious or weird problems. 6. Express yourself creatively. All your friends are on holiday and you’ve got no one to talk to. Try writing a diary, or sending messages to your e-mail friends, or expressing your feelings through poetry or art. 7. Listen carefully when others are speaking. Don’t expect others to listen to you if you don’t listen to them! 8. Respect other people’s ideas. Don’t be judgmental. If you criticize others too much they will only tell you what you want to hear rather than the whole truth. 9. Accept criticism. When you ask for others’ help and advice be prepared to accept their criticism. 10. Don’t gossip. Some people are only interested in listening to your problems in order to be able to gossip about you later. It’s not really on, is it?

Grammar, Lexical and Speech Tutorials: Miscellaneous

А) Skim the texts bellow; b) Try to explain the underlined grammar peculiarities; c) Choose one of the texts as a topic for discussion, define the professional field it belongs to.

A. Air bag is safety device in automobiles. Designed to cushion the occupants of automobiles in the event of an accident, air bags were considered life-saving improvements to vehicles when they were introduced in 1977. Despite some controversy about air bag safety in the 1990s, they remained a requirement in every new car sold. Air bags are designed to prevent passengers and drivers from striking the dashboard, window, or windshield of a car in a collision. There are two types of airbags: frontal and the various types of side-impact air bags.

B. The first major use of vacuum technology in industry occurred about 1900 in the manufacture of electric light bulbs. Other devices requiring a vacuum for their operation followed, such as various types of electron tube. Furthermore, it was discovered that certain processes carried out in a vacuum achieved either superior results or ends actually unattainable under normal atmospheric conditions. The advent of nuclear energy in the 1950s provided impetus for development of vacuum equipment on a large scale: in space simulation, microelectronics, etc. Industrial vacuum applications range from mechanical handling (such as the manipulation of heavy and light items by suction pads) to the deposition of integrated electronic circuits on silicon chips.

C. Roof gardens are appropriate for people who live in urban areas where very little or no space is available on the ground for planting. Since many urban apartment and commercial buildings have flat roofs, development of attractive roof gardens is possible. These gardens follow the same principles as others except that the depth of soil is less, to keep the weight on the rooftop at a minimum, and so the size of the plants is limited. The plants are generally set in tubs or other containers, but elaborate roof gardens have been made with small pools and plots

D. A machine tool is a power-driven tool that changes the size, shape, or finish of metal objects. A true machine tool does at least four things: It holds a work-piece, holds a cutting tool, moves one or both of these objects, and provides a feeding movement for the tool or the work-piece. The cutting tool makes a new part by shaving metal from an original piece. An outstanding feature of a modern machine tool is its great precision. It can cut metal to an accuracy of millionths of an inch. This figure is approximately equal to 1/300 of the thickness of a human hair. Such precision makes it possible to produce two parts or thousands of parts that are exactly alike.

E. Generally, a computer is any device that can perform numerical calculations: even an adding machine, an abacus, or a slide rule. Currently, however, the term usually refers to an electronic device that can perform a series of tasks according to a precise set of instructions. The set of instructions is called a program, and the tasks may include making arithmetic calculations, storing, retrieving, and processing data, controlling another device, or interacting with a person to perform a business function, to play a video game or to send a message by e-mail.

F. Most of mankind's energy needs, except transportation, are met by electric power. It is a willing servant in home, office, factory, school, and theatre. Electric energy is available almost everywhere. Its ease of production, distribution, and utilization has accounted for the rapid rise of electrical devices during the 20th century. Most electric power is generated in large plants that use coal, gas, oil, or nuclear energy. These are generally called central stations, and they require only a few workers. Central stations can be located at any convenient site, generally as long as cooling water is available. Sometimes it is convenient to place a plant near the source of fuel and at other times near the majority of users.

G. Industrial psychology concerns the physical and psychological conditions of the workplace and how these factors contribute to an efficient work environment. Industrial psychologists are also concerned about the design of manufactured products. Some industrial psychologists, for example, are involved in the design of such items as dashboards, which are used in airplanes and automobiles. Their aim is to apply knowledge of human capabilities and limitations to the design of instrumentation that is to be used by humans.

H. For many children with a handicap, communication is one of the largest obstacles. Many find art and craft the simplest mediums through which they can express themselves. Numerous activities involve no much speech but the choice of materials, processes and actions can clearly be indicated. Once twelve pupils were introduced to pottery, taught how to wedge clay and told why it was important to do so (if any air bubbles are left in, the clay will explode when being fired). They then rolled the clay between 1 cm thick wooden battens and cut out a 20 x 22 cm tile. The twelve tiles were assembled on a large piece of wood. The pupils drew a picture of Black Beauty on a large sheet of tracing paper, placed it over the tiles and used a cocktail stick to prick the outline through to the clay. The outline was completed and pottery tools were used to etch in lines to represent textures such as wood.

I. Hockey, skate dancing, figure skating, and speed skating can be even more fun on ice skates. The blades of shoe skates are adapted to each of these activities. Another sport on ice is skate sailing. By carrying a small triangular or square sail, the skater is propelled up to 55 miles (90 kilometres) an hour. For many years ice-skating had to be done outdoors in freezing winter weather. Then, in 1876, an artificial ice rink was opened in London those days. The ice was made by sending a mixture of glycerine and water through copper pipes. It was not until the start of the 20th century that artificial ice rinks became practical. Electric refrigeration and indoor rinks made ice-skating popular everywhere. Professional figure skaters began to stage ice carnivals across the world. Ice dancing became a Winter Olympics sport in 1976.

15. Test: Find out with the fun quiz: How do you communicate?

1. What strikes you first when you meet someone new?	A. His/her hands. B. What s/he says. C. His/her eyes.
2. How do you react when you’re really happy?	A. You hug whoever is closest to you. B. You tell everyone how happy you are. C. You throw a surprise party.
3. What do you do when you’re angry and completely upset?	A. You do something constructive such as clearing out your room. B. You call up a friend. C. You turn on your stereo full blast.
4. What do you do when you really like someone?	A. You hang around him/her as much as possible. B. You try to talk to him. C. You write him/her a note.
5. What do you do when you dislike someone?	A. You avoid him/her as much as possible. B. You’re icily polite to him/her. C. You do something to annoy him/her.
6. Which of these animals do you prefer?	A. Dolphin. B. Parrot. C. Monkey.

Mostly As: Your body does the talking. You rely more on gestures and expressions than words to get across what you are feeling.

Mostly Bs: Words are of fundamental importance to you. You listen carefully to what others have to say and choose your own words and phrases with care.

Mostly Cs: You’re very creative and imaginative. You express yourself using whatever comes to hand… notes, quarrels, jokes, music, the list is endless.

Additional Activities: Miscellaneous

16. Read each statement on classroom interaction carefully. Check either “agree,” “disagree” or “vague” to show what you think about it.

Statement	Agree	Disagree	Vague
1) Begin each class with a controversy or problem. It means that instead of “We are going to cover things…”, you’ll better begin with “Here’s the question we want to answer.”
2) Use silence to encourage reflection. A teacher should resist the temptation to fill the silence or answer the question for them.
3) Arrange and use classroom space to encourage interaction. Move chairs, have students face each other. During a lecture move to different parts of the room.
4) Create a friendly environment. Teachers should invest some class time inquiring about students’ life outside college, or sharing something about their own.

17. Puzzle: “Stress and rhythm.” Try to fill in the missing words before you hear this rhythmic rhyme, called “Is this the Job For You”? What do you think the job is?

You have to be flexible, patient and kind,

Dynamic, hard-working and fit.

You have to have a good university degree

In English language and lit. [erature!]

You have to be able to get on with (1) _________________.

You have to speak English quite well.

You have to be good at remembering (2) _______________,

And it's useful to know how to (3) ________________!

You have to be able to make yourself heard

When everyone's playing about.

To get kids' attention above all the noise

You have to be able to (4) ___________!

You need big (5) __________ to hear with and big (6) ________________ to see,

And big (7) ____________ to stand on all day!

And big (8) ____________ to carry thousands of things

(Most of which you will lose on the way!)

You have to be flexible, (9) ____________ and kind.

Energetic and interesting too.

Most (10) ___________ of all is a good sense of fun.

Is this the job for you?

18. Scan the text “Creativity in Science.” and summarise it.

One of the things which separates humans from other animals is the ability to learn from our predecessors. Our knowledge increases because we stand on the shoulders of others who have gone before us. Creativity does not occur in a vacuum. It is usually fuelled by studying what other scientists have done. For example, when Newton proposed that gravity in the solar system was the same type of force as gravity on the earth, this concept was an extension of the work of Galileo concerning shadows on the moon.

Two of the ways in which the structure of a city can be described are by an aerial photograph and by a road map. The road map, with major roads shown in different colours from minor roads and with a network of connections, is much more useful than an aerial photograph as a guide for travelling around the city. Our scientific knowledge contains a vast array of observations and theories. To travel intelligently through the world of science, it is necessary to make connections, like the road map.

Creative scientists frequently make connections which other scientists have not made before. Making these sorts of unusual connections is sometimes called lateral thinking, and this underlies many creative discoveries. Studies support the theory that creativity is the ability to use different modes of thought (analytical, intuitive, verbal, emotional). Part of creativity is making new things, having original ideas. Another part of creativity is making new combinations of existing things and old ideas. Some people have more innate potential to be creative than others but experts insist it is a skill that can – and should – be fostered. Creative effort can make life brighter.

Here are some creativity strategies:

a) understand and define the problem

b) relax, put yourself in a playful, humorous mood

c) generate several alternatives before passing any judgment on ideas

d) combine existing elements in a new way

e) fantasize: go through word association exercises

f) use analogy: find out how a similar problem is solved in nature or some other aspect of life

g) engage both the conscious and subconscious parts of the brain

h) do not quash anybody’s creative flashes.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14