UNIT 3 The review of the literature: the empirical part

The review of empirical research should be effectively organized, its pattern being made clear in one of the following ways:

· chronological (with a time pattern),

· conceptual (a conceptual analysis in which the major factors or concepts appearing in the literature are identified),

· opposing camps (when reviewing an issue about which researchers have reached different conclusions).

The studies should be described sufficiently for the reader to understand their findings, the key conclusions being brought together, and finally related to the proposed study making a clear connection between what has been learned in the past and what is proposed to do.

1. Find Russian equivalents for the following phrases.

The research on [z] addressed the question of [y]
In this branch of [x] developments of decisive and immediate consequence now occur
The approach often appears in academic arguments…
It has the privilege and status accorded [y] of the past
These problems shade directly over into [z]
The study of [x] bears upon the most elementary fundamentals of
The actual record of [x] studies/ can be paralleled by a history of [z]
The discussion gets more specific and worthwhile by dramatically narrowing the focus
The problem has been subjected to conscious scrutiny
The approach has undergone a root and branch transformation

2. Consider the following clichés to be further used in writing your project proposal.

3.1

In his (numerous) In many of his In this type of

fundamental theoretical empirical

works on [x] pieces studies

N (in collaboration with NN, and a research staff)

3.2

The problems /study of [x]	are/is linked to/tied up with/clearly related to	the issue of/so many other()
comprise(s) (essentially)	() characteristics
shade(s) directly over into/bear(s) directly upon	(those of…)/the problem of
root in	The most elementary fundamentals of

3.3

The actual history of [x]/record of [x] studies	is (tobe)/can be traced to/paralleled by a history of [z]
For a long time/In the history of [x][z]/ research on [z]/ evaluation of z]	was concerned with [y]/ addressed the question of [y]/ has often served as stimulus / object / illustration of () ideas
Previous studies/ most of the doctrines/ Theories/ The findings from a range of	(when elaborated) made clear that…/ concluded that/ emphasized

3.4

Studies on [x]	are a relatively new feature
Recent investigations	developed in part as a …
This is a branch of () in which	developments of decisive and immediate consequence now occur
The approach (to [x])	appears in (academic arguments…)
N’s research	was highly suggestive /promising
[x]	Has the privilege and status accorded [y] of the past

3.5

It (the issue/ article/ subject question)	can be found	in numerous (publications)…/not only in [x] but in [z] as well
has been	at the heart of numerous discussions/ hotly debated/ discussed time and again	by the leading scholars/ renowned scientists (of the past)/ theoretically inclined (readers)
under increasing scrutiny incessant attacks	of chief theorists and intellectuals / the authors of…
inspired/ couched	a great deal/ a lot of (substantive) debate	among… not only in… but… as well

3.6

The list of questions can go on	but the discussion of issues gets more specific and worthwhile by dramatically narrowing the focus and considering [x]
With some notable exceptions few recent works on [x]	have appeared
(Unfortunately) the research on [x]	Has stalled

3.7

The problem [x]	has not	so far	received all the attention it deserves
yet	been subjected to conscious scrutiny
has/ needs to be	further	analysed (in terms of)
investigated (in greater detail)
These types of questions	cannot	be answered on the basis of the () analysis
An extension /a solution	can	be sought in (n) directions
The problem [x]	requires	a lot of further investigation
needs	joint and complementary efforts of different scholars

3.8

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