Body language

Look at these expressions. What do they mean? Choose from the list of meanings on the right.

1 He's got no back-bone. a very drunk

2 She's completely legless. b exaggerates or lies in order to impress

3 He's very thick-skinned. c doesn`t care what other people think

4 She gave him the elbow. d very cowardly

5 He can't keep his nose out of things. e ended a romantic relationship

6 She's got a finger in every pie. f always interfering

7 He's all mouth. g behaves in a mad way

8 She's off her head. h has an interest in many businesses

(Журнал о сегодняшней жизни в Великобритании «Англия» № 126 2/1993 стр. 105)

DISEASES.

Part I.

RHINITIS.

I. Read the text “Rhinitis”:

Rhinitis.

Rhinitis is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose, characterized by a runny nose and stuffiness and usually caused by the common cold or an allergy.

The nose is the most commonly infected part of the upper airways. Rhinitis may be acute (short-lived) or chronic (long-standing). Acute rhinitis commonly results from viral infections but may also be a result of allergies or other causes. Chronic rhinitis usually occurs with chronic sinusitis (chronic rhinosinusitis).

Viral Rhinitis: Acute viral rhinitis (the common cold) can be caused by a variety of viruses. Symptoms consist of runny nose, congestion, post-nasal drip, cough, and a low-grade fever. Stuffiness can be relieved by taking phenylephrine as a nasal spray or pseudoephedrine by mouth. These drugs, available over the counter, cause the blood vessels of the nasal mucous membrane to narrow (constrict). Nasal sprays should be used for only 3 or 4 days because after that period of time, when the effects of the drugs wear off, the mucous membrane often swells even more than before. This phenomenon is called rebound congestion. Antihistamines help control runny nose but cause drowsiness and other problems, especially in older people. Antibiotics are not effective for acute viral rhinitis.

Allergic Rhinitis: Allergic rhinitis is caused by a reaction of the body's immune system to an environmental trigger. The most common environmental triggers include dust, molds, pollens, grasses, trees, and animals. Symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, stuffiness, and itchy, watery eyes. A doctor may diagnose allergic rhinitis based on a person's history of symptoms. Often, the person has a family history of allergies. More detailed information may be obtained using blood tests or skin testing.

Avoiding the substance, that triggers the allergy, prevents symptoms but is often not possible. Nasal corticosteroid sprays decrease nasal inflammation caused by many sources and are relatively safe for long-term use. Antihis­tamines help prevent the allergic reaction and thus symptoms. Antihistamines dry the mucous membrane of the nose but many of them also cause sleepiness and other problems, especially in older people. Newer ones require a prescription but do not have these side effects. Allergy shots (desensitization) help to build long-term tolerance to specific environmental triggers, but they may take months or years to become fully effective. Antibiotics do not relieve the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

Atrophic Rhinitis: Atrophic rhinitis is a form of chronic rhinitis in which the mucous membrane thins (atrophies) and hardens, causing the nasal passages to widen (dilate) and dry out. The cells normally found in the mucous membrane of the nose – cells that secrete mucus and have hairlike projections to move dirt particles out – are replaced by cells like those normally found in the skin. The disorder can develop in someone who had sinus surgery in which a significant amount of intranasal structures and mucous membranes were removed. A prolonged bacterial infection of the lining of the nose is also a factor.

Crusts form inside the nose, and an offensive odor develops. A person may have recurring severe nosebleeds and can lose his sense of smell (anosmia).

Treatment is aimed at reducing the crusting, eliminating the odor, and reducing infections. Topical antibiotics, such as bacitracin applied inside the nose, kill bacteria. Estrogens and vitamins A and D sprayed into the nose or taken by mouth may reduce crusting by promoting mucosal secretions. Other antibiotics, given by mouth or intravenously, may also be helpful. Surgery to narrow the nasal passages may reduce crusting because the decreased airflow prevents drying of the thinned mucous membrane.

Vasomotor Rhinitis: Vasomotor rhinitis is a form of chronic rhinitis. Nasal stuffiness, sneezing, and a runny nose – common allergic symptoms – occur when allergies do not appear to be present. In some people, the nose reacts strongly to irritants (such as dust and pollen), perfumes, and pollution. The disorder comes and goes but is worsened by dry air. The swollen mucous membrane varies from bright red to purple. Sometimes, people also have slight inflammation of the sinuses. When persistent, endoscopy of the nose or computed tomography (CT) of the sinuses maybe needed. If inflammation of the sinus is not significant, treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms. Avoiding smoke and irritants and using a humidified central heating system or vaporizer to increase humidity may be beneficial.

II. Make the sentences complete:

1. Rhinitis is an inflammation of … 2. It may be caused by … 3. Acute rhinitis is sometimes called … 4. Acute rhinitis is transmitted by … 5. Symptoms commence … 6. Symptoms include … 7. The disease is mild and … 8. Allergic rhinitis is called … 9. It is a form of allergy … 10. Hay fever is characterized by … 11. The symptoms of sneezing, running or blocked nose and watering eyes are due to … 12. Hay fever responds to … 13. In atrophic rhinitis … 14. In perennial (or vasomotor) rhinitis, there is …

a. overgrowth of and increased secretion by the membrane. b. hay fever. c. 1-2 days after infection. d. histamine release. e. virus infection or an allergic reaction. f. the mucous membrane becomes thinned and fragile. g. due to the pollen of grasses, trees and plants. h. coughing and sneezing i. inflammation of the membranes lining the nose and of the conjunctiva j. the mucous membrane of the nose. k. sore throat, stuffy or runny nose, headache, cough, general malaise l. common cold m. lasts only about a week n. treatment with antihistamines

III. Substitute English words for Russian ones:

Ринит is a reaction that встречается in the eyes, nose and throat when airborne раздражители trigger высвобождение of histamine. Histamine вызывает inflammation and жидкость production in the fragile выстилка of nasal passages, пазухах and eyelids. The two categories of rhinitis are аллергический rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis. For определения the possibility of allergies, кожный testing, when possible, is the preferred method по сравнению с various in vitro tests.

This test is more чувствительный and specific, simpler to use, and less expensive. The typical method of диагноза and мониторинга of allergic rhinitis on skin testing, also known as “scratch testing” and “prick testing” вследствие the series of уколы and царапины made into patients skin. Small количество of suspected аллергенов and their extracts вводятся to sites on the skin отмеченных with pen or dye. The allergens are either injected внутривенно or into small царапины made into the patient’s skin. Обычными sites for testing include the inside предплечье and спина.

IV. Complete the table after reading the text “Forms of rhinitis”:

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