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Best if used by or best by, followed by a date, is one of the ways in which food manufacturers can make suggestions about how likely the quality of a product will remain consistent. This specific term is not meant to suggest that the food product is unsafe after the best if used by date. Instead it refers specifically to quality under ideal and appropriate storage conditions for that food. It should be noted that most best if used by dates are only appropriate so long as the food remains unopened. Once the food is opened, it tends to have a much shorter shelf life and will deteriorate more quickly.
For example, even a can of cola can have a best if used by date. In fact many cans of diet soda are likely to carry this label, since artificial sweeteners tend to degrade more quickly than sugar and corn syrup. Yet if you open up the can of soda, even if you store it in the fridge, it will begin to lose its pleasant fizz nearly right away. Within a day the cola will be flat, and the best if used by date no longer applies.
Some people contend that the best if used by date is one designed by clever manufacturers so people will discard anything past the date, regardless of whether it still might be good. There are some that argue this ensures people will regularly replace items they haven’t even used. There is some weight to this argument given the perception of the best if used by label.
In the course of some investigations people were tested with products that were still safe but past the best if used by date. It was more common for people to perceive foods past their date as “bad,” when this was not even the case. Taste acceptance, considering the food was still good, increased when people ate foods that were still within the best if used by date range. This doesn’t indicate a mass conspiracy on the part of food manufacturers to create freshness dating in order to provoke more sales. Yet it does tend to benefit food manufacturers.
There is a significant difference between the best if used by date and use by dates. Use by is not a freshness indicator but a recommendation regarding food safety. Any foods that have a specific use by date should be discarded after the date. If you freeze these foods, before the use by date, their life can be extended. Don’t freeze them the day of, or after the use by date since they may have spoiled.
If you’ve stored your food properly, the best if used by date can also be a guarantee that food should remain at peak quality. If you open up a pack of crackers with a best if used by date that has not yet passed and they are stale, there’s no reason why you can’t return them to the grocery store. From time to time, poor packaging or incorrect dating yields food that goes bad before the recommended best if used by label. Since food manufacturers must stand by these dates, returning food that is not in best condition prior to the date is both acceptable and reasonable.
Vocabulary Notes:
1. suggestion [sə`Gest∫ ə n] / [sə`gest∫ ə n] – порада, пропозиція; натяк; вказівка;
2. likely [`laıkli] – мабуть, певно; ймовірний; вірогідний;
3. to remain consistent [kən`sıst ə nt] – залишатися постійним, стійким;
4. to be meant to [ment] – розрахований (на щось); призначений (для чогось);
5. appropriate [ə`prəupriət] / [ə`proupriət] – підхожий, відповідний; доречний, придатний (для чогось – to, for);
6. storage [`stO:rıG] – схов, зберігання;
7. to tend [tend] – мати тенденцію; схилятися (до чогось); мати нахил (до чогось);
8. to deteriorate [dı`tıəriəreıt] – погіршувати(ся); псувати(ся); вироджува-тися;
9. can (of cola) – банка (Коли);
10. artificial sweetener [ֽα:tı`fı∫əl] / [ֽα:rtı`fı∫əl] – штучний замінник цукру;
11. to degrade [dı`greıd] – псуватися; погіршуватися; руйнуватися;
12. corn syrup [`sırəp] – кукурузний сироп (різновид глюкози);
13. to store [`stO:] / [`stO:r] – зберігати; запасати, накопичувати; віддавати на зберігання;
14. (pleasant) fizz [fız] – (приємне) шипіння;
15. right away – негайно; одразу;
16. flat (about cola) – такий, що видихнувся; несвіжий, прісний, позбавлений смаку;
17. to contend [kən`tend] – стверджувати, наполягати; оспорювати, сперечатися;
18. to discard [dıs`kα:d] – бракувати; відкидати, звільняти;
19. regardless (of) [rı`gα:dləs] / [rı`gα:rdləs] – незалежно (від чогось); не беручи до уваги; незважаючи на; попри;
20. to argue [`α:gju:] / [`α:rgju:] – стверджувати, заявляти; аргументувати, доводити, наводити докази;
21. to ensure [ın`∫O:] / [ın`∫uər] – забезпечувати, гарантувати;
22. to replace [rı`pleıs] – заміняти; повертати; відновлювати;
23. weight (to the argument) – значення, важливість; сила; вплив; авторитет;
24. perception [pə`sep∫ən] / [pər`sep∫ən] – сприйняття, відчуття; розуміння, усвідомлення;
25. in the course (of) [kO:s] / [kO:rs] – під час, в ході (чогось);
26. to be the case – мати місце; бути таким;
27. acceptance [ək`sept ə nts] – визнання; схвалення;
28. mass conspiracy [kən`spırəsi] – масова змова;
29. on the part (of) – з (чиєгось) боку;
30. freshness [`fre∫nəs] – прохолода; свіжість;
31. to provoke [prə`vəuk] / [prə`vouk] – викликати, збуджувати; провокувати; спонукати;
32. to spoil [spOıəl] – псувати(ся) (про продукти);
33. peak quality [pi:k `kwOləti] – найвища (макимальна) якість;
34. stale [steıəl] – черствий, несвіжий;
35. to yield (food) [ji:əld] – призводити (до); здавати;
36. to stand by (these dates) – бути наготові; бути в резерві;
37. prior (to) [`pra ı ə] / [`praıər] – попередньо; раніше;
38. acceptable [ək`septəbəl] – прийнятний;
39. reasonable [`ri:zənəbəl] – розумний, слушний, резонний; належний; обґрунтований.
Task 15. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Correct false statements.
1. Use by and best by dates on product label refer specifically to quality under ideal and appropriate storage conditions for the food.
2. Best if used by is not a freshness indicator but a recommendation regarding food safety.
3. Best by is a specific term which is meant to suggest that the food product is unsafe after the specified date.
4. Most best if used by dates are only appropriate so long as the food remains unopened.
5. Even a can of cola can have a best if used by date.
6. It is more common for people to perceive foods past their date as “bad,” when it is not even the case.
7. Freshness dating does not tend to benefit food manufacturers.
8. There is a significant difference between the best if used by date and use by dates.
9. If you freeze foods, before the use by date, their quality will remain consistent.
10. It is unreasonable to return a pack of stale crackers to the grocery store with a best if use by date that has not yet passed.
Task 16. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate items.
1. Best if used by or best by is a specific term which is meant to suggest that the food product is … after the specified date.
A. at peak quality;
B. unsafe;
C. safe;
2. Best if used by is a specific term which refers to quality under … storage conditions for that food.
A. any;
B. existing;
C. ideal and appropriate;
3. Most best if used by dates are only appropriate so long as the food remains …
A. unopened;
B. opened;
C. frozen;
4. Once the food is …, it tends to have a much shorter shelf life and will deteriorate more quickly.
A. frozen;
B. bought;
C. opened;
5. Cans of diet soda … carry a best if used by date label.
A. never;
B. seldom;
C. are likely to;
6. Artificial sweeteners tend to degrade … sugar and corn syrup.
A. more quickly than;
B. less quickly than;
C. as quickly as;
7. If you open up the can of soda and store it in the fridge, it will begin to … its pleasant fizz nearly right away.
A. lose;
B. gain;
C. strenghthen;
8. Some people contend that the best if used by date is one designed by clever …
A. retailers;
B. wholesalers;
C. manufacturers;
9. Most people will … anything past the date, regardless of whether it still might be good.
A. use;
B. store;
C. discard;
10. There is … weight to the argument that perception of the best if used by label makes people regularly replace items they haven’t even used.
A. no;
B. little;
C. some;
11. It is more common for people to perceive foods past their date as “…”.
A. safe;
B. bad;
C. flat;
12. Investigations … a mass conspiracy on the part of food manufacturers to create freshness dating in order to provoke more sales.
A. refute;
B. prove;
C. do not indicate;
13. Freshness dating … tend to benefit food manufacturers.
A. has;
B. does;
C. does not;
14. There is … difference between the best if used by date and use by dates.
A. a significant;
B. a little;
C. no;
15. Use by is a …
A. quality indicator;
B. freshness indicator;
C. recommendation as to food safety;
16. Any foods that have a specific use by date should be … after the date.
A. sold;
B. stored;
C. discarded;
17. If you freeze the foods, … the use by date, their quality will remain consistent.
A. after;
B. before;
C. the day of;
18. If you’ve stored your food properly, the best if used by date can be a guarantee that food …
A. is safe;
B. has spoiled;
C. remains at peak quality;
19. Returning food that is not in best condition prior to the best if used by date is …
A. neither acceptable, nor reasonable;
B. either acceptable, or reasonable;
C. both acceptable and reasonable;
Task 17. Match items in column A with their synonyms in column B.
| A | B |
| 1.to go bad, to spoil | a)to yield; |
| 2.suggestion | b)to argue; |
| 3.to increase | c)to create; |
| 4.to provoke | d)to extend; |
| 5.to contend | e)to discard; |
| 6.to replace | f)to guarantee; |
| 7.to ensure | g)to deteriorate; |
| 8.to design | h)recommendation; |
Task 18. Using the -un and -in prefixes form the words opposite in meaning to:
| 1.appropriate; | 3.acceptable; | 5.properly; | 7.likely. |
| 2.reasonable; | 4.significant; | 6.opened; |
Task 19. Match items in column A with their antonyms in column B.
| A | B |
| 1.to remain consistent | a)unopened; |
| 2.at peak quality | b)natural; |
| 3.artificial | c)unsafe; |
| 4.open | d)fizzy; |
| 5.safe | e)not in best condition; |
| 6.flat | f)to deteriorate; |
Task 20. Translate into English.
1. Напис на упаковці продуктів “Краще вжити до...”, за яким слідує дата, вказує на те, як довго залишатиметься незмінною якість продукту. 2. Не передбачається, що харчовий продукт стає небезпечним після дати “Краще вжити до...”. Цей напис стосується якості продукту за ідеальних і належних умов зберігання. 3. Слід зазначити, що більшість дат, до яких краще вжити продукт, залишаються доречними, допоки продукт залишається нерозкритим. 4. Строк збереження товарної якості розпакованої продукції набагато менший, і псується вона швидше. 5. Навіть на банках дієтичної коли вказано дату, до якої її краще вжити. 6. Дехто заявляє, що вказівка на упаковці продукції дати, до якої її найкраще вжити, придумана розумними виробниками, які прагнуть збільшити обсяги продажу. 7. Люди схильні позбуватися навіть якісної продукції після дати, до якої її найкраще вжити. 8. Є ті, хто стверджує, що вказівка дати, до якої товар краще вжити, змушує покупців позбуватися продуктів, яких вони навіть не використовували. 9. Сприйняття на смак їжі, дата кращого вживання якої ще не збігла, покращується. 10. Не існує доказів колективної змови виробників створити дату свіжості, з тим, аби спонукати більший продаж. 11. Існує істотна різниця між написами “Краще вжити до...” і “Вжити до...”. 12. Напис на упаковці продуктів “Вжити до...” не є показником свіжості, а рекомендацією стосовно безпеки продукції. 13. Будь-який продукт можна вживати до вказаної на упаковці дати “Вжити до...”. 14. Якщо ви належним чином зберігали продукти харчування в межах вказаного на упаковці терміну, то це є гарантією їх найвищої якості. 15. Оскільки виробники харчових продуктів повинні дотримуватися вказаної на упаковці дати кінцевого терміну придатності продукту, доречно й доцільно повертати в магазини товари, які виявилися зіпсованими ще до вказаної дати.
Task 21. Answer the questions.
1. What is one of the ways in which food manufacturers can make suggestions about how likely the quality of a product will remain consistent?
2. What dates are usually given on product labels?
3. Is it obligatory for food manufacturers to indicate such dates?
4. What does “Best if used by” or “best by”, followed by a date denote?
5. Is it obligatory for food manufacturers to indicate such dates?
6. The food product is unsafe after the best if used by date, isn’t it?
7. Which date on the product label refers specifically to its quality under ideal and appropriate storage conditions?
8. Till what time do most best if used by dates remain only appropriate? When doesn’t it apply any longer?
9. When does food tend to have a much shorter shelf life and deteriorate more quickly?
10. What usually happens to the opened can of cola even under appropriate storage conditions?
11. Do you agree that the best if used by date has been introduced by clever manufacturers so people will discard anything past the date?
12. What is one thing that ensures people will regularly replace items they haven’t even used?
13. What customers’ perception of the best if used by label was discovered in the course of some investigations?
14. It is more common for people to perceive foods past their date as “bad,” isn’t it?
15. Is there any difference between the best if used by date and use by dates?
16. Is use by label a freshness indicator or a recommendation regarding food safety?
17. How can you extend a product’s life?
18. When can the best if used by date be a guarantee that food should remain at peak quality?
19. What should one do with a pack of stale crackers with a best if used by date that has not passed yet?
20. Why is returning food that is not in best condition prior to a best if used by date acceptable and reasonable?
Task 22. Say what you know about:
1. Difference between “to produce” and “to manufacture”.
2. Three levels of a product.
3. Information on products.
Task 23. Comment on the following sayings.
1. “The product that will not sell without advertising will not sell profitably with advertising.” (Albert Lasker)
2. “If you don’t sell, it’s not the product that’s wrong, it’s you.” (Estee Lauder (1908, American cofounder of a cosmetics company)
3. “Wealth, like happiness, is never attained when sought after directly. It comes as a by-product of providing a useful service.” (Henry Ford)
4. “American consumers have no problem with carcinogens, but they will not purchase any product, including floor wax, that has fat in it.” (Dave Barry, American writer and humorist)
5. “Quality in a product or service is not what the supplier puts in it. It is what the customer gets out and is willing to pay for. A product is not quality because it is hard to make and costs a lot of money, as manufacturers typically believe. This is incompetence. Customers pay only for what is of use to them and gives them value. Nothing else constitutes quality.” (Peter F. Drucker, American educator and writer)
Lesson 3
Task 1. Study the etymology of the word “MARKET”.
| Etymology: | MARKET | |
| from Latin via Anglo-Norman French to Middle English | ||
| Latin merx (wares, merchandise) → Latin mercari (to trade, deal in, buy) → Latin mercatus (trading, trade, market) → Old French marchiet → French marché (market) | ||
| · Traced back to c. 1154 when it was used as “a meeting at a fixed time for buying and selling livestock and provisions”; · Meaning “public building or space where markets are held” first attested c.1250. · Sense of “sales, as controlled by supply and demand” is from 1689. · The verb “to market” dates back to 1635, when its was formed from the noun. |
Task 2. a) The word “MARKET” has a wide range of meanings:
b) Which meaning of the word is revealed in the following sentences?
1. Wednesday is market day.
2. There is no longer a market for tin.
3. France is the main market for our goods.
4. It’s one of the best laptops on the market.
5. We buy our vegetables at (in) the market.
6. Power supply cannot be left to the market.
7. The hardware market is severely depressed.
8. They hope to break into the teenage market.
9. We’re going to put our house on the market.
10. Our product is aimed at the corporate market.
11. Retailers have created a market for organic food.
12. There used to be many street markets in our city.
13. We produce this version for the Japanese market.
14. The world market in coffee is quickly developing.
15. The EU has become Chile’s largest export market.
16. There will be a huge market for our digital systems.
17. They are too slow in getting their products to market.
18. They’re looking to increase their share of the market.
19. The retailer is planning to come to market next week.
20. There hase been a slump in the global market for PCs.
21. The Internet is opening up new markets for companies.
22. The market will decide if the TV station has any future.
23. There is a local mini- market only a short distance away.
24. Most people are not in the market for this kind of product.
25. The traders take their flowers to market early in the morning.
26. Changes in the weather affect the market in fruit and vegetables.
27. The company performed well despite difficult market conditions.
28. They are preparing to launch a mobile phone onto the UK market.
29. Japanese carmakers are coming to the market with more efficient engines.
30. Trading has been slow on the New York and Tokyo markets this morning.
31. Some very attractive properties will be coming onto the market next month.
32. A crowded market is a situation where there are lots of competing products.
33. A market is a public building or place where people sell goods on tables called stalls.
Task 3. a) Use the word stem and flexions below for word formation.
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b) Which of the derived words are used to denote:
· a specialist in marketing; a business that sells goods or services to the public or that sells in a particular way;
· a person whose job involves getting people to buy things; a person who is in favour of a particular system of buying and selling;
· the activity of presenting, advertising and selling a company’s products in the best possible way;
· able or fit to be sold or marketed; attractive to potential employers or clients; in demand;
· a measure of the ability be bought and sold;
· the exposure of an industry or service to market forces; the conversion of a national economy from a planned to a market economy;
· the business of making design-influencing decisions associate with distribution, consumer reaction, material availability, and so on;
· an open space where a market is or was formerly held; the arena of commercial dealings?
c) Give the English equivalents for:
· маркетологія (науковий напрямок, що вивчає маркетинг); вивчення ставлення людей до різноманітних товарів, брендів і т.п.;
· реалізованість; товарність; відповідність вимогам ринку; нормальна ринкова якість; придатність для продажу;
· перехід національної економіки від планово-командного до ринкового устрою;
· комерсант, купець, торговець; прихильник ринку певного типу;
· ходовий (про товар); такий, що легко реалізується; ліквідний;
· ринок; місце для проведення ринкових торгів;
· спеціаліст з маркетингу; маркетолог;
· торгівля, продаж, збут; маркетинг.
Task 4. Translate Ukrainian paying attention to the words in italics.
1. The design process may be described as an imaginative integration of marketology, engineering technology, and scientific relate information toward the development of a profitable product.
2. It’s our hope that we will play an increasingly greater role in the marketplace and, therefore, supply more jobs.
3. These are marketable skills and will allow these women to be professional therapists in their own right.
4. It is a product that has sufficient marketability to enable them to recover their investment costs.
5. Marketeer is most often a contemporary and informal euphemism for marketing professional.
6. What began as an attempt at artistic creation has turned into a marketable commodity.
7. The marketer builds a relationship between the brand and the customer.
8. The marketization of the Ukrainian economy began in the late 1980s.
9. Forest Deli is a distributor and marketer of tropical foods.
10. He is a skilled retailer and marketer.
11. She works in sales and marketing.
Task 5. a) Make the difference between the following words.
| Marketplace · a small area in a town or city where goods are bought and sold, often outdoors; · the arena of competitive or commercial dealings; the activity of buying and selling products; | Marketspace · an arena within which commercial dealing takes place; a market; · (mass noun) commerce carried out by electronic means, especially via the Internet; |
| The marketplace · the activity of competing with other companies to buy and sell goods, services, etc. | |
| Базарна (ринкова) площа; сфера бізнесу, торгівлі та економіки; ринок нематеріальних цінностей; | Ринковий простір. |
b) Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the words in italics.
1. Companies must be able to survive in the marketplace.
2. How can we compete successfully in the global marketplace?
3. It’s an online marketplace for small business products and services.
4. The marketplace was jammed with a noisy crowd of buyers and sellers.
5. The term marketspace was introduced by Jeffrey Rayport and John Sviokla in 1994.
6. It’s our hope that we will play an increasingly greater role in the marketplace and, therefore, supply more jobs.
7. Marketspace – an information and communication based electronic exchange environment – is a relatively new concept in marketing.
8. Since physical boundaries no longer interfere with buy/sell decisions, the world has grown into several industry specific marketspaces which are integration of marketplaces through sophisticated computer and telecommunication technologies.
Task 6. a) The following words often occur after “MARKET”.
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b) Which of the above word-combinations means:
· a group of customers that a company’s products are especially suitable for and which the company is seen as belonging to; a product, service or company that is different from or better than others in the same area;
· an experiment in which a product is made available in one or more areas to see if consumers like it and will buy it;
· a diagram that shows the positions of brands in terms of the most important brand characteristics;
· that consumers buy regularly; the price paid for them. It is used to measure the cost of living;
· someone whose job is to buy and sell stocks and shares for other people on the stock market;
· BrE a day each week when people sell goods outside in a town or village market;
· BrE an area of land where vegetables and fruit are grown to be sold;
· BrE a town where there is a market each week, usually outside;
· the usual price or rate for something at a particular time?
c) Give the English equivalents for:
· базарний день;
· (ринкова) ніша;
· випробовування в ринкових умовах;
· город, сад (для вирощування овочів і фруктів для продажу);
· місто-ярмарок; місто з ринком (місто, в якому відбуваються базари);
· брит. біржовий курс, ринковий обліковий відсоток (лондонських банків і векселів маклерів);
· графічне маркетингове дослідження, результати якого представлені на графіку, який показує залежність досліджуваних параметрів від зміни яких-небудь факторів;
· учасник ринку валюти; учасник ринку цінних паперів; “маркет мейкер” (маклер на Лондонській фондовій біржі; з 1986 в результаті “Великого вибуху” (Big Bang) укладають торговельні угоди безпосередньо з громадськістю);
Task 7. Make the difference between the following concepts.
| Market niche · a group of customers that a company’s products are especially suitable for and which the company is seen as belonging to; · a product, service or company that is different from or better than others in the same area; | Niche market · a market in which there is little or no competition for a particular type of product or service, for which there is limited demand; |
| (ринкова) ніша (невеликий сегмент ринку, який може обслуговувати фірма, і котрий певною мірою вільний і захищений від конкуренції). | нішевий ринок (спеціалізований сегмент ринку, що обслуговує певну вузьку категорію споживачів). |
Task 8. a) Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B:
| A | B |
| 1. (the) marketplace 2. market economy 3. market analyst 4. market basket 5. market leader 6. market share | a)an economic system in which prices, salaries, and the supply of goods are controlled by what and how much people buy, not by the government; b)a company that sells more of its products than any other company of its type; a product that is bought by more people than any other of its type; c)the percentage of the total amount of sales of a particular product that a company has; d)a place where people sell goods outside in a town or village market; the activity of buying and selling; e)a collection of different products that consumers buy regularly; the price paid for them. It is used to measure the cost of living; f)a person who collects and analyses information about a market, especially a stock market; |
b) Translate into Ukrainian paying special attention to the words in italics.
1. Products which do not meet consumer desires will fail the market test. 2. We are the market leader in car insurance. 3. We believe we are ready to challenge the market leaders. 4. They are in second place behind market leader, Tesco plc. 5. Our range of products includes 20 market leaders. 6. The investor buys through a broker who completes the transaction through a market-maker. 7. A couple of market-makers were caught short of stock. 8. A market basket of goods and services increased by only 1.8% last year. 9. The company has grown beyond its original market niche. 10. The bank has created a market niche for itself in the commrcial sector by focusing on project finance. 11. We charge interest below the market rate on loans. 12. Many small businesses cannot afford to pay market rates for legal services. 13. The company’s US market share fell from 23.4% to 21.2%. 14. Our market share increased in all segments. 15. They hope to win market share from their competitors. 16. They are using price-cutting to try to buy market share. 17. John J. Murphy is a financial market analyst and is considered the father of modern technical analysis. 18. Market gardening is the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants. It is distinguishable from other types of farming by the diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, typically, from under one acre (0.4hA) to a few acres, or sometimes in greenhouses. Such a farm is sometimes called a market garden or truck farm.
Task 11. a) The following words frequently occur in front of “MARKET”.
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b) Which of the above word combinations can be translated as:
· “ведмежий” ринок, ринок “ведмедів”; ринок, який характеризується падінням цін; ринок тенденцій до пониження (на якому спостерігається стійка тенденція до пониження цін упродовж тривалого періоду часу); “чорний” ринок (ринок, на якому йде продаж-купівля товарів за цінами, вище встановлених державою);
· ринок, який характеризується тенденцією зростання цін; “бичачий” ринок, ринок “биків”; період підвищення фондової кон’юнктури, від якого виграють “бики”;
· ринок, ціни на якому тримаються твердо; міцний (стійкий) ринок (на якому продукція користується стійким попитом);
· “чорний ринок” (ринок заборонених для торгівлі товарів або ринок, на якому укладаються незаконні угоди);
· ярмарок наречених;
· шахрайська торгівля;
· сірий ринок (неофіційний ринок яких-небудь товарів, торгівля якими не може проводитися в рамках традиційно регульованого ринку; зазвичай це стосується товарів, які розповсюджуються каналами збуту, які не мають відношення до звичайних каналів виробника; зазвичай сірий ринок формується у випадках, коли ціна товару в одній країні значно вище, ніж в іншій: імпортер закуповує товар у країні з низьким рівнем ціни, імпортує його на законних засадах, а потім перепродує на внутрішньому ринку за ціною нижче звичного рівня внутрішнього ринку, але достатньою для отримання прибутку); на відміну від операцій на чорному ринку, операції на сірому ринку не вважаються незаконними;
· вуличний ринок (ринок на відкритому місці, де продавці розміщують свої товари в ларьках, палатках, на столах чи інших подібних вітринах)?
Task 12. a) Study the following adjectives.
| · narrow market – вузький (в’ялий, неактивний) ринок (будь-який ринок цінних паперів, товарів або валют, що характеризується малими обсягами угод, великими коливаннями цін, значним розривом цін продавця і покупця; на такому ринку невеликі зміни попиту та/або пропозиції можуть вплинути на ціну); · short market – короткий ринок (ринок, на якому спекулянтам продано на строк без покриття занадто багато цінних паперів, у зв’язку з чим закупівлі для покриття зобов’язань викликають підвищення цін на ринку цих об’єктів); · thin market – в’ялий ринок; ринок із низьким рівнем активності; · heavy market – перевантажений ринок (ринок, на якому пропозиція значно перевищує попит); · tight market – ринок з недостатньою пропозицією (попит домінує над пропозицією); активний ринок з розбігом цін продавця і покупця; · weak market – ринок, що характеризується переважанням продавців і зниженням цін; · broad market – широкий ринок (необмежений ринок, на якому наявна значна кількість цінних паперів з більш-менш стабільним курсом протягом певного періоду часу); · close market – тісний ринок (на якому розбіг між цінами продавця і покупця незначний; зазвичай характеризується також активною торгівлею і великою кількістю конкуруючих маркет-мейкерів); · distant market – територіально-віддалений ринок (ринок збуту, розташований далеко від компанії-постачальника товарів, наприклад в іншій країні). |
b) Make up sentences with the above word-combinations.
Task 13. Study the following words.
|
|
| These words have the same basic meaning, but …
· demand is a more general term, and …
· market is a more specialist business term.
They have different grammar and collocation patterns:
· people talk about the housing / labour market and different product markets, but …
· demand for housing / labour / a product.
· You can create demand / a market, but …
· you meet / satisfy / increase demand and supply / expand the market.
· You influence / forecast demand but …
· find / identify a market.
· People talk about a fall / a decline / an increase / growth in demand but …
· a slump / recovery in the market.
When a business has trouble producing enough goods because so many people want them, people talk about demand rather than the market. |
Task 14. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Delivery 2. distribution 3. freight 4. handling 5. haulage 6. shipment 7. shipping 8. transit 9. transport | a) (formal) the act or cost of packing an object or material and sending it to a customer; b)is the business or cost of transporting goods by road or rail; c)the act of making goods available to customers by supplying them to shops; the system of transporting and delivering goods to shops or customers; d)the act of taking goods or letters to the people they have been sent to; e)the activity of carrying people or goods from one place to another by ship; f)the activity or business of carrying goods from one place to another, especially by road or rail; g)the process of being moved or carried from one place to another; h)the process of sending goods from one place to another, especially from one country to another, but not necessarily by ship; i)the system of carrying goods from one place to another by road, air or rail; |
Task 15. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the words in italics.
1. We offer free delivery on orders over $200.
2. Allow 28 days for delivery.
3. Please pay for goods on delivery (= when they are delivered).
4. (formal) When will you be able to take delivery of the car?
5. At the moment there are two deliveries a day (= of mail).
6. She had made a delivery to the address earlier that day.
7. They have systems in place for sales, distribution and marketing.
8. He worked in the milk distribution business.
9. We tend to use air freight for lighter goods.
10. We need stricter controls on the transport of nuclear waste.
11. Transportation costs have virtually crippled our business.
12. The total cost includes transit.
13. Your insurance should cover transit by air, sea or rail.
14. We will pay for any goods lost or damaged in transit.
15. The goods are ready for shipment.
16. The illegal shipment of weapons continues to be a multimillion dollar industry.
17. She arranged for the shipping of her furniture to England.
18. She married a shipping magnate (= a person who has made a lot of money from shipping) in 1997.
19. There have been protests from the road haulage industry.
20. How much will haulage be (= how much will it cost)?
21. There is a $5 handling charge for each order.
22. (AmE) You pay only $29.99 plus shipping and handling.
Task 16. Think and answer.
1. Is your native place a market town?
2. Is Wednesday a market day in your native place?
3. What market niche do you belong to?
4. Are there many market gardens in your area?
5. How is the process of transition from command to market economy called?
6. What makes a company the market leader?
7. Why do many products fail the market test?
8. What does the market basket contain?
9. How does black market differ from grey market?
10. What is the difference between bull and bear market?
Task 17. Revise the scope of meanings of the word “MARKET”.
| MARKET n | to MARKET v | MARKET adj |
| 1.базар, ринок; | 1.привозити, доставляти (товар) на ринок; | 1.ринковий (такий, що відповідає ринко-вим принципам); |
| 2.ринок (збуту); збут; попит; | 2.пропонувати на продаж; виставляти на продаж; | 2.ринковий (характер-ний для даного ринку або діючий на даному ринку); |
| 3.торгівля; | 3.торгувати, продавати на ринку; купувати на ринку; | 3.ринковий (такий, що має відношення до ринку); |
| 4.ринкова ціна; курс; | 4.продавати; збувати, реалізовувати; | 4.товарний. |
| 5. амер. продовольчий магазин | 5.знаходити ринок збуту; | |
| 6.ринок; ринкові умови; ринкова кон’юнктура; | 6.брати участь у ринкових відносинах. | |
| 7.фондова біржа. |
Task 18. Practice reading the following words.
| 1. agency [`eıG ə ntsi] 2. to allow[ə`lau] 3. automobile[`O:təməuֽbi:əl] 4. command[kə`mα:nd] / [kə`mænd] 5. to converge[kən`və:G] 6. deliberately[dı`lıb ə rətli] 7. demand[dı`mα:nd] / [dı`mænd] 8. to designate[`dezıgneıt] 9. to determine[dı`tə:mın] 10. distinct[dı`stıŋ k t] 11. distinguishable[dı`stıŋwı∫əbəl] 12. distribution[ֽdıstrı`bju:∫ən] 13. efficiency[ı`fı∫əntsi] 14. to emerge[ı`mə:G] 15. equilibrium[ֽi:kwı`lıbriəm] 16. externalities[ֽekstə:`nælətiz] 17. to facilitate[fə`sıləteıt] 18. furniture[`fə:nıt∫ə] / [`fə:nıt∫ər] 19. identifiable[aı`dentıfa ı əbəl] | 20. illegally[ı`li:gəli] 21. interchangeably[ֽıntə`t∫eın G əbəli] 22. mechanism[`mekəֽnızəm] 23. medium[`mi:diəm] 24. negotiation[nıֽgəu∫i`eı∫ən] 25. to occur[ə`kə:] 26. origin[`OrıGın] / [`O:rıGın] 27. ownership[`əunə∫ıp] / [`əunər∫ıp] 28. to participate[pα:`tısıpeıt] / pα:r`tısıpeıt] 29. physically[`fızıkəli] 30. pressure[`pre∫ə] / [`pre∫ər] 31. to purchase[`pə:t∫əs] 32. spontaneously[(ֽ)spOn`teıniəsli] / [(ֽ)spα:n`teıniəsli] 33. utility[ju`tıləti] 34. virtual[`və:t∫u ə l] 35. welfare[`welfeə] / [`welfer] 36. wholesale[`həulseıəl] / [`houlseıəl] |
Task 19. Read the text.
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