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Could is the past tense form of can.
The negative forms are cannot and could not; the contracted forms are can’t and couldn’t.
We use can and could to talk about:
- doubt (сомнение)
- astonishment (удивление)
Examples: Can it be true? – Неужели это правда?
They can’t be losing their market share. Не может быть, чтобы они терялисвою долю на рынке
In this meaning the verbs take:
1. A bare infinitive – if the action refers to the present
He can’t be so stupid – Не может быть, чтобы он был так глуп.
2. The perfect infinitive – if the action refers to the past:
Can he have said that? – Неужели он это сказал,
He can’t have said that. – Не может быть, чтобы он это сказал.
2. The continuous infinitive – if the action is in progress
Can she be waiting for us – Неужели она нас ждет?
She can’t be waiting for us – Не может быть, чтобы она ждала нас.
3. The perfect continuous infinitive – if the action lasts a certain period of time.
He can’t have been working 6 hours running. – Не может быть, чтобы он работал 6
часов подряд (Он так мало сделал)
Can he have been working 6 hours running? – Неужели он работал 6 часов подряд
(Он так мало сделал)
Can has only two forms; can (present) and could (past). Sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to.
Study the structure:
I/he/ she can/can’t/could/couldn’t speak foreign languages.
I/he/she/they have/haven’t been able to do it recently.
We use could have (done) to talk about the past. (sometimes unrealistic).
Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences, changing the underlined words for new phrases including can and could and a negative form where appropriate.
Exercise 2. Paraphrase the sentences, according to the model.
Model: I don’t believe he applied for this job.
He can’t have applied for this job.
Exercise 3. Translate sentences from Russian into English using can/could/can’t
MUST, MUSTN’T and NEEDN’T
These modal verbs take a bare infinitive. We use the negative must not and need not in writing and speech, we generally use the contracted forms mustn’t and needn’t only in speech. The positive of needn’t is need. Need is a full verb and takes an infinitive + to.
Need is followed by an infinitive + to. In the negative we have two possible constructions: don’t need; needn’t.
The past of need is needed, the past of needn’t is didn’t need. Both are followed by an infinitive + to.
We use MUST to talk about supposition.
Example: He must be at the office by now. Должно быть, он уже в офисе (Я почти уверен, что он в офисе).
In this meaning the verbs take:
1. The Indefinite infinitive – if the action refers to the present
You must know her. ( She worked for our company a year ago). (Должно быть, вы ее
знаете. Вы должны ее знать, вы наверняка ее знаете)
2. The perfect infinitive – if the action refers to the past
They must have arrived by now. Они, вероятно, уже приехали.
3. The Continuous infinitive – if the action is in progress.
Hurry up! They must be waiting for us already. Торопись. Они, наверное, уже
ждут нас.
4. The perfect continuous infinitive – if the action lasts a certain period of time
He must have been reading for three hours – Он читает уже, наверное, 3 часа.
Supposition referring to the future cannot be expressed by must. The modal word probably (вероятно), or the modal expressions to be likely (по-видимому), to be unlikely (вероятно не,
вряд ли).
They will probably come tomorrow. Они, вероятно, приедут завтра.
He is likely (unlikely) to come. Он, вероятно, (вряд ли) придет.
In negative sentences supposition is expressed by means of the modal verbs evidently, probably, or I don’t think.
Example: Он должно быть, не узнал меня тогда. I don’t think he recognized me then.
He probably (evidently) didn’t
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Exercise 2. Rewrite the underlined parts of the following sentences to form new sentences which include may or might and a negative form if necessary. Retain the original meaning. | | | Recognize me then. |