Recognize me then.

We also use must, mustn’t and needn’t to talk about:

- necessity to do smth (obligation)

- Example: You must do the work immediately. Вы должны сделать эту работу немедленно.

- necessity not to do smth (prohibition)

- Example: you mustn’t unload the ship today. Вы не должны разгружать этот пароход

Study the structure:

I/you/he/(etc ) must be tired /at work/in his office

be doing/ coming/working

do/go/know/have

have been (doing/working)

have done/gone/known/had

NOTES:

1. The past of must (obligation) is had to.

2. The past of mustn’ t (prohibition) is was/were not allowed/permitted to.

3. Mustn’t (prohibition), can’t (no permission), and may not (no permission) have similar

meanings.

Exercise 1. Translate from English into Russian. Explain the use of the modals.

1. Investors must complete the application form below.

2. The money was sent a week ago; it must have arrived by now.

1. The alarm system must be on at night; however it needn’t be on during the day.
2. We mustn’t forget to put this item on the agenda.
3. Unauthorised personnel must not pass this point.
4. I’m not in a hurry; you needn’t do it right now.
5. – We ordered 5000 of these parts. There are only 2000 in this box. There must be another box somewhere.
6. – That’s true.. But they needn’t all have arrived in the same delivery. In fact, now I remember. Cathy must have taken them.
7. They had to make the payment yesterday.
8. The company must be in sound position.
9. We need to increase productivity next year.
10. They must have appointed him as new chairman.
11. It must be a merchant bank.
12. In our new offices, employees mustn’t/can’t/may not smoke, except in certain areas.
13. He had to resign because he didn’t get on with the MD.

Exercise 2. Paraphrase the sentences using the modal verb “must”

1. They are probably interested in developing a new shopping centre..

2. I’m sure the value of the land has appreciated considerably.

3. He has evidently just taken over as MD.

4. There is no doubt the capacity of the warehouse is not large.

5. I am sure the prices will go up by 9%.

6. I think he made a profit of $2,000.

7. Evidently, in real terms he made a loss of $100.

8. He’ll probably be our creditor.

9. Evidently, all this will have an adverse effect on profitability.

10. I’m sure, the company borrowed on a long-term basis.

11. No doubt there were sharp and unexpected increases in the cost of raw materials.

12. The market is probably gradually improving.

13. I think our employees have been working hard throughout the whole year.

14. Prices are evidently falling.

15. They are probably unable to raise their prices.

16. The financial year evidently was a difficult one for the whole industry.

17. The prices for spare parts have evidently been declining dramatically throughout the year.

18. I’m sure they faced increased labour costs.

19. There is little doubt there was a slight drop in sales.

20. Probably their turnover will increase gently.

21. I’m sure they’re selling on the overseas market.

22. No doubt they were our main competitors last year.

23. I think they’ve been advertising heavily on TV recently.

24. They are probably selling at very competitive prices.

25. There is little doubt they’ll launch a new range of goods.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets

1. The products must (be) available on the domestic market.

2. Their market share must (be) 2% when they first entered the market.

3. You must (export) for several years already.

4. There must (be) room for growth in this sector.

5. The chief accountant must (estimate) the figures yesterday.

6. The total market must (expand) over the last few years.

7. He must(sell) his property now.

8. They must (spend) on advertising over L1 mln in this quarter.

9. The company must (cut) margins greatly this year in order to maintain consumer demand.

10. Their share of the market must (rise) ever since.

11. Since 1991 they must (decline) slightly.

12. Until 1989 prices must (go up) gradually.

13. They must (fall) steeply since that time.

14. The company must (operate) successfully over the last year.

15. He must (prepare) his report now.

16. The total industry must (grow) recently.

17. The e-mail must (write) by Mr.Smith.

18. He must (be) mad if he thinks the Bank will give him a loan.

19. A market survey must (carry out) last year.

20. The loan must (withdraw) immediately.

Exercise 4. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Должно быть, у него контрольный пакет в компании. Он может влиять на принятие решений.
2. Нераспределенная прибыль – это часть дохода, который удерживается в компании и должен снова вкладываться в бизнес.
3. Они, должно быть, получили дивиденд в 1000 фунтов.
4. Им пришлось уволить 130 сотрудников по сокращению штата.
5. Вам нет необходимости уходить на пенсию, вы можете работать на полставки.
6. Им не пришлось выходить на забастовку (бастовать), т.к. их зарплату увеличили.
7. Компания, очевидно, решила уволить его из-за его плохого поведения.
8. У нее достаточно денег, чтобы начать собственный бизнес. Ей не было нужды (не нужно было) брать займ.
9. Ему не нужно носить костюм на работу, у них в компании нет дрескода.
10. Я завтра не работаю, поэтому мне не нужно вставать рано.
11. Чем бы ты ни занимался, ты не должен трогать эту кнопку. Это опасно.
12. Резюме кандидата должно содержать информацию о его квалификации и опыте работы.
13. Вы работаете весь день. Вы, наверное, устали.
14. Доходы компании, должно быть, увеличиваются постоянно со дня ее основания в 1979г.
15. Очевидно, она хотела сохранить контрольный пакет акций.
16. Вероятно, шоколад высочайшего качества, т.к. он содержит только лучшие ингредиенты.
17. Должно быть, он подаст заявление о приеме на работу на следующей неделе.
18. Чтобы оставаться конкурентным на рынке, нужно постоянно инвестировать в исследования и разработки нового продукта.
19. Его желанием, наверное, было оздоровить компанию.
20. Наверно, они искали нового финансового директора довольно долго, когда нашли хорошего кандидата наконец.
21. Продажи, должно быть, уменьшаются постепенно.
22. Скорей всего, она останется в Совете директоров как его член с правом голоса.

SHOULD and OUGHT (to)

The negative form is should not, the contracted form is shouldn’t. The negative form of ought to is ought not to, the contracted form is oughtn’t to. (ought to have done – ought not to have done).

The verbs

Are used to express probability («наверное») when the speaker is not so confident as he is when he is using “must” («должно быть»).

Examples:

You should know his address (you probably do because you are friends). Вы, наверное, знаете его адрес.

The plane ought to be landing about now (I expect so). Самолет, наверное, приземляется.

The modal verbs should and ought to are often interchangeable. There is hardly any difference between them.

They are also used in the meaning of advisability (следует, следовало, следовало бы).

The verbs take:

1. The Indefinite Infinitive – if the action refers to the present

2. One shouldn’t make such decisions in a hurry – Такие решения не следует принимать поспешно.

3. The Perfect Infinitive – if the action refers to the past.

4. You should have heard by now that I’m OK. – Ты, наверное, уже слышала, что у меня все в порядке

5. They are sometimes used with the Continuous Infinitive and the Perfect Continuous Infinitive.

6. The Continuous Infinitive – if the action is in progress.

7. You should be learning your lessons (now) – Тебе бы следовало делать уроки (сейчас)

8. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive – if the action lasts a certain period of time.

9. He should have been doing many things other than walking…

Study the structure:

I/you/he/ (etc ) should be in the meeting, his office

Be (doing,/having/working)

Discuss, explain, etc.

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