Tell your friend about your first experience of giving First Aid (maybe at your Medicine classes) and the way you felt then. Use as many Participles as possible.

3. Read the sentences. Comment on the forms of Participle I. Decide which forms express:

• an action simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb;

• an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb;

• 'passive’ meaning.

v The doctor told them her cancer was incurable, having spread too far for radiation or surgery.

v Leeches apply the perfect amount of suction to get the blood flowing.

v Why, with so much having been written and shared in the medical community, is there such a continuing concern about the widespread undertreatment of pain?

v Clinical and Community Affairs experienced growth with the Silver City Health Center now being operated by UK Health Partners, Inc.

4. Before watching discuss the following issues.

1. What do you think is the most wide-spread disease in South Africa?

2. Why may the majority of South African mothers-to-be have been robbed of their future?

3. What danger can a new-born baby face if its mother is HIV-positive?

Make sure you know the meaning of the following words and abbreviations.

AIDS HIV ANC to launch agenda antiviral antenatal to defy defiance

6. Watch the video and fill in the gaps with the Participles and find out why the South African Government blocks HIV drugs.

Babies Die as Mbeki Blocks

HIV Drugs

The devastation which the HIV virus in the AIDS disease is 1)___________ in South Africa is 2)___________ to dominate the country’s political agenda. President Thabo Mbeki stands that epidemic is controversial and the ANC Government has 3)_________ that antiviral drugs should not be 4)__________ to AIDS sufferers because they are toxic and too expensive. The only South African province, not 5)________ by the ANC, the Western Cape has defied the central Government. It is 6)__________ pioneering projects to give the drugs to pregnant women as this cuts the chances of passing on HIV to new-born babies by as much as 70%.

20% of mothers-to-be have recently 7)___________ that they have the virus. At least here they know and, unlike the majority of South Africans, they can get treatment. Togela is HIV-positive. Her baby is due any day. The stigmas are so great that she doesn’t want her face 8)_________. Togela is grateful that she is 9)_________ the antenatal virus drug to reduce the chances of passing on the virus. It comes from her local authorities in defiance of the Central Government policy. This medicine is very expensive but the Government must try and support all women who are pregnant in order to make sure that their babies are not 10)__________.

South Africa has the fastest 11)___________ infection rate in the world, 17,000 people every day. The crisis is so huge that anti-AIDS drugs are 12)_________ free just to pregnant women and 13)________ victims. It’s because the Western Cape Government is 14)_________ by the main opposition party. It claims that treatment is a human right which should not be 15)_________ by the Government.

Using drugs to try to prevent the transmission of the HIV from a mother to her child is highly controversial here in South Africa. The Government has long 16)__________ that the efficiency of such drugs isn’t 17)__________ and at anyway and a poor health service just accounts for them.

Now the row is 18)__________ partly political as well, as local government elections approach. The opposition democratic alliance runs the Western Cape. It is 19)_____________ to expand its 20)__________ free anti-AIDS drugs to everywhere else if it wins. But there are accusations of blatant electioneering.

Politicians can’t ignore this issue in Africa. ‘It’s normal that it will be on the agenda for the voters to take a choice and say who they want to run local government.’

The ANC says it can pay Western drugs companies but its opponents argue that cutting infection rates now is more humane and cheaper in the long run.

7. Answer the following question:

a. What dominates South Africa’s political agenda?

b. What province of South Africa has defied the Government policy?

c. What program is it launching today?

d. What is the percentage of new-born babies who may be infected by their mothers?

e. Why can’t all women get the anti-virus drugs?

f. Why is it so important for pregnant women to get the necessary treatment?

g. Why is the row over the issue becoming partly political?

h. Will the problem be number 1 on the agenda?

i. What are political parties accused of?

j. Is there any hope of changing the situation for the better?

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the Participles from the box in the right forms, define their types and functions in the sentence. While reading find out why it is so difficult to treat malaria.

to help, to kill, to write, to loom, to concern, to become, to use, to doom, to need, to use, to isolate, to study, to spend, to consider, to dedicate

One hundred years ago Ronald Ross discovered the role of the mosquito in the spread of malaria. However, the discovery hasn’t 1)________ find a cure for the disease which is still 2)_________ people at a rate of 5 per minute; that’s more than a million a year.

But why is malaria so persistent?

Earlier that year a group of leading scientists, economists and politicians made an urgent plea for international action in the fight against malaria.

3)___________ a letter to the scientific journal Nature they described malaria as a disaster 4)__________ over Africa and said that the international community should now recognize malaria as a major challenge on the scale of the AIDS pandemic.

The authors of the letter were particularly 5)__________ about the crisis in malaria treatment. The malarian parasite is 6)__________ increasingly resistant to chloramines, the main anti-malaria drug 7)_________ in Africa. And the only cheap alternative seems 8)__________ to the same fate.

The experts made a strong plea for urgent research into new ways to tackle a disease. Malaria is a clever parasite that develops a resistance to drugs. “We need to develop new and better drugs and to expand the methods by which we can attack the parasite by vaccines. The next five years will be an important phase in the vaccine development.”

To develop vaccine against any parasite is a long-term effort which can take 20-30 years. Vaccines will be the most effective way to control malaria in the long term.

But progress has been slow. What is 9)__________ is more international cooperation between scientists in Africa and the rest of the world, perhaps 10)_________ computer link-ups. Modern sciences are much dependent on modern communications between scientists, they should not be 11)_________ from the rest of the world because of a lack of modern communication means like e-mail facilities.

A good example of how this can work is a collaboration 12)_________ the genetic make up of malaria parasites. That should speed the development of new drugs and vaccine. But scientific progress needs financial backing and at the moment spending on malaria research worldwide is half that 13)_______ on cancer research in the United Kingdom alone. The World Bank and other agencies are now 14)__________ launching a 30-year international program 15)__________to malaria control.

9. Answer the following questions:

1. What did Ronald Ross discover 100 years ago?

2. Did it help to cure the disease?

3. How many people are dying of it each year?

4. What do politicians and doctors suggest?

5. How did they describe malaria?

6. How should the international community treat malaria?

7. What are they concerned about?

8. What is malaria parasite resistant to?

9. How long does it take to develop vaccine against malaria parasite?

10. What is needed for that purpose?

11. What are modern scientists dependent on?

12. What does scientific progress in this sphere need?

13. What are the World Bank and other agencies considering?

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