Complete the following sentences using 'could' or 'was/were able to'. See grammar notes before doing the exercise.

Read the following dialogue. Pay special attention to the Use of 'can' and 'may'.

Young nephew: Can I smoke in your sitting-room, Aunt?

Strict old aunt: You can, Charles, but you may not.

Fill the spaces by inserting 'can/could' or 'may/might' (or the negative forms).

1. Students... bring textbooks into the examination room. 2.... you stand on your head? — I... when I was at school but I... now. 3.... I smoke here? — No, you.... Smoking is not allowed. 4.... you type? — Yes, I... type but I... do shorthand. 5.... I come in? — Please do. 6.1... remember the address.—... you even remember the street? 7. He... answer the teacher's questions yesterday, but he... answer the same questions today. 8.... I come and see you this evening? — Of course you... 9. When I first went to Spain I... read Spanish.but I... speak it. 10. He said that we... use his flat whenever we liked. 11. There was a lot of noise in the street last night, and I... sleep. 12.... I borrow your umbrella? 13. I-:., walk ten miles a day when I was a young man, but now I.... 14. It's very cold.... I shut the windows?

Be able to

Complete the following sentences using 'could' or 'was/were able to'. See grammar notes before doing the exercise.

1. He asked me to lend him £ 10. I hadn't got £ 10, but I lend him £ 5, and he was grateful.

2. The fishing boat sank, but fortunately the fisherman... swim to the shore.

3. The woman... describe the pickpocket to the police; she told them he was a thin little man, wearing a dirty raincoat.

4. It was a fine day yesterday, so we... have a picnic, and we enjoyed it very much.

5. He suddenly felt ill, but he... finish his speech, although at the end he could hardly stand.

6. He spoke very little French when he left school, but he... understand the language.

7. I got to the station at 9.50 a. m. and... catch the 9.55 а. т. train. I was very pleased I didn't have to wait for the next train.

8. The sick man had a restless night, but he... sleep for an hour or two.

9. She... visit her friends every morning before she got married if she wanted to, but now she can't; she has too much to do in the house.

10. The town was full of visitors, and we didn't know where we would spend the night, but at last we... find two vacant rooms in a small hotel.

11. Before his illness, he... work fourteen hours a day if he had to.

12. He was very strong; he... ski all day and dance all night.

13. I was a long way from the stage. I... see all right but I... not hear very well. 14.

14. We... borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet.

15. I knew the town so I... advise him where to go.

16. When the garage had repaired our car we... continue our journey.

17. When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I... wake my sister and she let me in.

18. The swimmer was very tired but he... reach the shore before he collapsed.

6. In the Future Indefinite Tense 'be able to' has the following forms: shall/will be able to; shall not/will not be able to (shan't/ won't be able to). Fill in the spaces with 'shall/will be able to' or shall not (shan't)/will not (won't) be ablе to'.

1. When they buy a car, they... visit their friends.more often.

2. I'm sorry, but I... come to your birthday party next week.

3. I saw a terrible bus accident in London years ago. I... never... forget it.

4. It's very cold, and the old man... go out until the weather gets warmer.

5. Why do you sit at the back of the class if you can't hear well? You... hear better if you sit in the front.

6. Do you think you... support yourself when you are twenty-one?

7. I'm too busy to have a holi­day this year, but I hope I... have a long holiday next year.

8. The train leaves at five o'clock tomorrow morning. We... catch it if we don't get up very early.

9. He was working very hard before he fell ill. He..: work so hard when he comes out of hospital.

10. Perhaps one day we... travel to the moon.

11. The little girl is still ill, but she's getting better. The doctor hopes she... go back to school after the summer holidays.

12. This is a very difficult problem. I'm afraid you... solve it without help.

13. The doctor is very busy; he... see any more patients today.

14. He... spend more time with his grandchildren when he retires the year after next.

15. Mr. Brown is learning Russian, but he doesn't think he... ever... speak the language well.

16. Jack has hurt his knee, and he... play football next Saturday.

Must/mustn't — needn't

7. Use 'must not' or 'need not' to fill the spaces in the following sentences. (Use 'mustn't' when the meaning is "It is not allowed" and suggests a command. Use 'needn't' when the meaning is "it is not necessary".)

1. You... ring the bell, I have a key.

2. You... drink this: it is poison.

3. We... drive fast; we have plenty of time.

4. You... drive fast; there is a speed limit here.

5. Students... bring books into the examination room.

6. You... write to him; he will be here tomorrow.

7. You... make any noise or you'll wake the baby.

8. You... bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.

9. You do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough.

10. Mother to child: "You... tell lies."

11. You... turn on the light; I can see quite well.

12. You... strike a match; the room is full of gas.

13. We... make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now.

14. You... put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him.

15. You... clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow.

16. Mother to child: "You... play with matches."

17. I... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house.

18. You... smoke in a non-smoking compartment.

19. I'll lend you the money and you... pay me back till next month.

20. We... climb any higher; we can see very well from here.

22. Mother to child". "You... interrupt when I am speaking."

23. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 100; you say anything.

Have to

8. Fill the spaces by inserting 'have to' in the correct form.

Model: The Present Indefinite Tense.

She has to wear glasses, but only for reading.

We don't have to come to the Institute on Sundays.

The Past Indefinite Tense.

The last bus had gone, so we had to take a taxi.

Yesterday was a holiday, so we didn't have to get up early.

The Future Indefinite Tense.

If you go there next winter, you will have to take some warm clothes with you.

The doctor said, "You're much better. You won't have to go to hospital."

1. Fortunately his wife could drive, so he... drive all the way himself.

2. The apples were rotten; we... throw them away.

3. You can finish the work tomorrow; you... finish it today.

4. The old man can't go out when it's cold. He... stay indoors during the winter.

5. I'm very pleased that tomorrow is a holiday. I get up early

6. She lives a long way from the shops, but fortunately she... go shopping every day.

7. The bus was half empty yesterday, so I... stand.

8. My shirt is dirty. I... put on a clean one tomorrow morning.

9. Her father doesn't allow her to stay out late. She... be in by nine o'clock every evening.

10.I must go to bed early tonight, as I... catch a train at five o'clock tomorrow morning.

9. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting must' or the present, past or future form of 'have to'.

1. She... leave home at eight every morning at present.

2. Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas... be left at the desk.

3. He sees very badly; he wear glasses all the time.

4. You... read this book. It's really excellent.

5. She felt ill and... leave early.

6. You... come to work in time.

7. He... cook his own meals. His wife is away.

8. Father to small son: "You... do what Mummy says."

9. The buses were all full; I... get a taxi.

10. Tell her that she... be here by six. I insist on it.

11. I got lost and... ask a policeman the way.

12. Railway notice: Passengers... be in possession of a ticket.

Be to

10. Practise the following according to the model.

Model: A. What were your instructions about phon­ing Bill?

В. I was to phone him at 6.00.

What were your instructions about...

1. reporting? 2. posting the documents? 3. meeting George? 4. contacting Ann? 5. leaving? 6. paying the work­men? 7. starting? S. opening the doors?

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