TO HAVE (GOT) TO

as a modal verb can have all the necessary tense forms. It is combined only with the Non-Perfect (Indefinite) Infinitive with the particle “to”.

The modal verb “to have to” expresses:

1. OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY ARISING OUT OF CIRCUMSTANCES

Synonym: to be obliged.

He has to go right now.

She knew what she had to do.

I shall have to reconsider my position.

Did he have to tell them about it?

Why do I have to do everything?

2. ABSENCE OF NECESSITY (in negative sentences)

(don’t (doesn’t) have to…, didn’t have to…, haven’t (hasn’t) got to…) = needn’t

You don’t have to stay with me, if it bothers you.

She knew what she didn’t have to do.

NOTE: the interrogative and negative forms of the modal verb “to have to” are built up by means of the auxiliary verb “to do”.

Have to replaces must where must cannot be used:

a) to express past necessity or obligation:

They had to do what they where told.

b) to express absence of necessity (in the sense of “needn’t”), because “must not” means prohibition:

You don’t have to make another copy of the document; this copy will be quite satisfactory.

c) to express future obligation (in the case the obligation is more precise):

You will have to take a taxi if you mean to catch the train.

MUST

has only one form for the present tense. It may also be used in reported speech. (the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with “must”)

I. Must followed by the Indefinite Infinitive may express:

1. OBLIGATION, NECESSITY, DUTY. (from the speaker’s point of view or with no freedom of choice)

Synonyms: to be obliged to; it’s necessary for somebody to do something (absence of necessity is expressed by other verbs (have, need)).

You must talk to him about this incident.

Must you really go so soon?

I decided I must stop smoking.

2. PROHIBITION (in negative sentences)

Synonym: to be forbidden

Students mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason.

Cars must not be parked in front of the entrance.

2. EMPHATIC ADVICE, REQUEST, INVITATION (in affirmative and negative sentences)

You must come and see me sometime.

You mustn’t miss the film. It’s worth while seeing it.

You must stop worrying about your son. You mustn’t give another thought to what he said.

NOTE: “Must” may express emphasis. In this case “must” is not translated; it merely emphasizes some action or idea.

Of course after I gave her my advice she must go and do the opposites. (Ну, авжеж, після того, як я їй порадила вона раптом піди та й зроби навпаки.)

As we were starting what must he do but cut his finger. (Ми вже виходили, коли він раптом порізав собі палець (...візьми та й поріж...).)

At the time when everybody is in bed he must turn on the radio. (Саме тоді, коли вже всі сплять, він раптом вмикає радіо.)

II. Must combined with any form of the infinitive expresses:

1. STRONG PROBABILITY, SUPPOSITION IMPLYING ASSURANCE, NEAR CERTAINTY. (in affirmative sentences)

Synonyms: probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability.

He must be ill. He looks so pale.

The book is not on the shelf. Jane must be reading it.

He is smoking over there. He must have finished his work.

It must have been raining all the night. There are big puddles in the garden.

NOTE: when “must” expresses strong probability, it is not used:

a) with reference to the future. (in this case we find words “probably, evidently,(un)likely” in the sentence)

He will probably come tomorrow.

She will evidently feel lonely.

They are (un)likely to come.

b) in negative and interrogative forms. (the negative meaning is expressed by negative affixes, negative pronouns, or lexically)

Evidently (probably) they didn’t come to any agreement.

They must have failed to come to any agreement.

They must have misunderstood us.

He must never have guessed the truth.

He must be unaware of that.

They must have been inattentive.

They must have had no chance to warn you.

The letter must have been left unanswered.

TO BE TO

as a modal work is used in the Present and Past tenses. It expressed:

1. OBLIGATION arising out of (resulting from) the arrangement or plan (in affirmative and interrogative sentences)

Synonyms: to plan; to make a plan; to arrange; to agree; to decide.

We are to complete this work by tomorrow.

When am I to come?

I was to meet Mother at the dentist’s at 11.

NOTE: The past tense of the verb “to be” in combination with the Perfect Indefinite denotes an action that did not take place.

I promised to go to the club with her, and I really forgot all about it.

We were to have played a duet together.

In the following meaning only the Indefinite Infinitive is used:

2. (Strict) ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS (often official) (in the affirmative sentences)

Strict prohibition (in the negative sentences)

You are to do it exactly the way you are told.

If your letter contains anything valuable you are to register it.

You are not to leave the place until I return.

3. PURPOSE, PLAN

A knife is to cut with.

The prize was to honor him for his great discoveries.

4.POSSIBILITIY (in all kinds of sentences, with the Passive indefinite infinitive)

He was often to be seen in the bar of the Hotel Metropole.

Where is he to be found?

Such envelopes aren’t to be bought anywhere.

(“to be to” is equivalent to “can” and “may”)

NOTE: Question with “How…?” and the Active indefinite infinitive:

How am I to replay you for your kindness?

5. SOMETHING THAT IS DESTINED TO HAPPEN, THAT IS UNAVOIDABLE (in the affirmative and negative sentences)

He did not know at the time that he was never to see his native place again.

If we are to be neighbors for life, we should be on friendly terms.

It was not to be.

Here are some set phrases:

What am I to do?

Where am I to go?

What is to become at me? (Що зі мною буде?)

When am I to be there?

Who is to begin?

Who is to blame?

What is to be done?

It is to be hoped. (Треба сподіватись.)

NEED

as a modal verb may be used:

as a defective (недостатній) verb. It has only one form. In reported speech it remains unchanged. “Need” is followed by the infinitive without the particle “to”.

as a regular verb. It has the past form “needed”, and regular negative and interrogative forms. It is followed by the infinitive with the particle “to”.

Need expresses (in the combination with the Indefinite Infinitive):

1. NECESSITY (in the interrogative and affirmative (not typical) sentences)

2. ABSENCE OF NECESSITY (in the negative sentences)

Synonyms: There is no need to do it. It is not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it.

Need I answer this question?

You needn’t be afraid of me.

Do I need to show my documents every time?

You don’t need to tell me that you are sorry.

NOTE I: In negative sentences it is not always the verb need that is in the negative form; the negation may be found elsewhere in the sentence:

They need hardly discuss the problem again.

I don’t thin k we need give her any more of our attention.

NOTE II: didn’t need to do something (1) didn’t have to do something; 2) it was not necessary, but it was done). Needn’t have done something (1) it was not necessary, but it was done

I didn’t need to buy the textbook (and I didn’t) as I had it at home.

He needn’t have bought the book (but he did) as it is available at library.

NOTE III: Occasionally “need” may be found in affirmative sentences, but it is not typical:

a) after the negation in the main clause (example – see NOTE I)

b) after the verb “to doubt” (I doubt if I need ring him up.)

c) in indirect questions (She wonders if he need stay in the office.)

NOTE IV: The regular verb “need” may be followed by a noun or pronoun, but in this case it is not a modal verb, it is a notional verb:

She needs a new dictionary.

Does he need my help?

SHALL

is not purely the modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning obligation with the function of the auxiliary verb in the future tense. As a modal verb “shall” is not translated into Ukrainian, usually its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation. “Shall” is combined only with the Indefinite Infinitive and expresses:

1. PROMISE (in affirmative and negative sentences, with the 2^nd or 3^rd person)

Don’t worry, you shall have a minute’s rest before the meeting.

2. THREAT OR WARNING (in affirmative and negative sentences, with the 2^nd and 3^rd person)

She shall pay for it, she shall.

Anyone found guilt shall be shot at once.

3. COMPULSION OR STRICT ORDER (in affirmative and negative sentences, with the 2^nd or 3^rd person)

Y ou shall stop reading fiction books at your lectures.

4. INTENTION, DETERMINATION (in affirmative and negative sentences, with the 1^st person)

I want that prize and I shall win it.

5. SUGGESTION, ASKING FOR INSTRUCTIONS, MAKING AN OFFER (in interrogative sentences, with the 1^st and 3^rd person)

Shall I make you a cup of coffee?

Shall I start speaking on the topic?

NOTE: the above-mentioned meanings are closely connected with the meaning of obligation which is at present not common in spoken English and which is normally confined to formal or archaic style (official regulations or other documents) and is mainly found in subordinate clauses:

It has been decided that the second reading shall not be opposed.

The fine shall not exceed 100 dollars.

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