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Ex. 6. Read the VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 7. Insert the missing letters, read and translate the following words:
V_lnerable; b_le; d_ct; detoxi_ication; pan_reatic; bo_el; comple_ity; l_be; tr_at; ple_us; prote_t; embr_o; repa_r; port_l; empt_; capa_le; hepati_; expo_ure; stora_e; he_l; c_stic; ex_rete; ha_mful; in_ury.
Ex. 8. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Weigh; upper; abdomen; major; minor; porta; inferior; surface; associated with; artery; nerve; plexus; unite; cystic; empty; pancreatic duct; cholesterol; duodenum; perform; through; lining; bowel; group; category; marrow; fibrinogen; embryo; iron; heat; remove; excrete; feces and urine; exposure; reasonable; believe; injured tissue.
Ex. 9. Read the following text:
LIVER
The liver is the largest internal gland of the body. It weighs approximately 1.36 kg. The liver is in the upper right part of the abdomen. The liver consists of two major lobes, left and right, and minor lobes.
A porta (gate) is on the inferior surface of the liver where the various vessels, ducts, and nerves enter and exit the liver. The hepatic (associated with the liver) portal vein, the hepatic artery, and a small hepatic nerve plexus enter the liver through the porta. Lymphatic vessels and two hepatic ducts exit the liver at the porta. The hepatic ducts transport bile out of the liver. The right and left hepatic ducts unite to form a single common hepatic duct. The common bile duct is joined by the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum in union with the pancreatic duct. The gallbladder is a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile. The bile is a fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids. The bile is emptied into the duodenum, where it performs its major function of assisting in the absorption of fats through the lining of the small bowel into the bloodstream. The bile acids are then reabsorbed in the small intestine and cycled into the liver to be used again.
The liver, besides producing bile, has many other important functions. They may be grouped into three categories: regulation, metabolism, and detoxification. They are: stimulation of red bone marrow, production of fibrinogen, blood formation in the embryo, storage of iron and copper, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, heat production and others. The liver removes drugs, alcohol, and potentially harmful chemicals from the bloodstream and treats them chemically so they can be excreted in the feces and urine.
Because of the complexity of the liver and its exposure to so many potentially harmful substances, it would be reasonable to believe that it is especially vulnerable to disease. However, nature protects the organ in several ways. First, the liver is capable of regeneration: it can heal itself by repairing or replacing injured tissue. It also is constructed so that many units are responsible for the same task. Thus, if tissue in one section of the organ is injured, by trauma or disease, other cells will perform the functions of the injured section.
Ex. 10. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Печінка; складатися з; виділяти; жири та білки; сплетіння; частка; протока підшлункової залаози; спорожнювати, виливати; виліковувати, зціляти; міхурна протока; канал, протока; ворота органа; захищати; печінковий; жовч; накопичення, акумулювання; відновлення, регенерація; травма, пошкодження.
Ex. 11. Translate the text "Liver" into Ukrainian.
Ex. 12. Complete the following sentences:
1. The liver is the largest internal _ of the body. 2. It is located in the upper right part of the _. 3. The liver consists of two major _ and minor lobes. 4. A _ is the place of the liver where the various vessels, _, and nerves enter and exit the liver. 5. The hepatic _, the hepatic artery, and a small hepatic nerve _ enter the liver through the porta. 6. Lymphatic vessels and two hepatic ducts _ the liver at the porta. 7. The hepatic ducts transport _ out of the liver. 8. The right and left hepatic _ unite to form a single common hepatic duct. 9. The functions of the liver are the following: bile production, stimulation of red _ marrow, _ of iron and copper, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, heat production, and _.
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the liver? 2. Where is it located? 3. What is the weight of the liver? 4.What is a porta? 5. What is the function of the hepatic duct? 6. What is the bile? 7. What are the functions of the liver? 8. How does nature protect the liver?
Ex. 14. Match the term and its definition:
| 1. Hepatic artery | 1. Vein that drains the liver into the inferior vena cava. |
| 2. Hepatic duct | 2. System of portal veins that carry blood from the intestines, stomach, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. |
| 3. Hepatic portal system | 3. One of two ducts (left and right) that drain bile from the liver and join to form the common hepatic duct. |
| 4. Hepatic portal vein | 4. Portal vein formed by the superior mesenteric and splenic veins and entering the liver. |
| 5. Hepatic vein | 5. Branch of the aorta that delivers blood to the liver. |
Ex. 15. Write out the key words of the text "Liver".
Ex. 16. Speak on the structure of the liver:
| LIVER: (1) right lobe, (2) left lobe, (3) caudate lobe, (4) quadrate lobe, (5) hepatic artery and portal vein, (6) hepatic lymph nodes, (7) gallbladder. | 
Liver
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Ex. 17. Translate the following sentences concerning with the liver function:
1. The liver produces bile, which contains bile salts that emulsify fats. 2. The liver stores nutrients, processes them, and produces new molecules. 3. The liver produces blood components. 4. One of the liver functions is the storage of glycogen, a complex carbohydrate that is converted to sugar for release into the bloodstream when the blood sugar level falls. 5. Glycogen is deposited in the liver when the level of sugar in the blood increases. 6. Many proteins are also synthesized in the liver. 7. The liver helps determine the amount of nutrients that are sent to the rest of the body. 8. It also serves as a clearinghouse to eliminate some foods and substances that have served their purpose but are no longer useful. 9. Many ingested substances are harmful to the cells of the body. 10. In addition, the body itself produces many by-products of metabolism that, if accumulated, are toxic. 11. The liver is one line of defense against many of those harmful substances. 12. The liver can also produce its own unique new compounds. 13. Many of the blood proteins are produced by the liver and are released into the circulation.
Ex. 18. Speak on the functions of the liver.
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