B) Borrowing plus footnote.

Another strategy, especially useful if a word or phrase is to appear repeatedly in the translation, is to use a Japanese word together with an explanatory footnote. This strategy is used several times in Shiokari Pass:

"We are of samurai stock, so you mustn't do such a thing." (p.14)

(footnote: The samurai were traditional warriors, vassals of a feudal lord.)

Roku sold combs, tasseled ties for men's kimonos..... (p.14)

(footnote: A kimono is a loose robe with wide sleeves, fastening with a sash.)

Masayuki placed his hands together on the tatami matting with grave formality. (p.21)

(footnote: Japanese homes are mostly floored with mats of woven straw.)

The forty-seven ronin were there, too. (p.29)

(footnote: The ronin were faithful samurai who avenged the death of their lord.)

Clearly, several strategies can be employed simultaneously. The example of tatami embraces several strategies: borrowing a Japanese word, using italicisation to signal foreignness, adding the defining word matting to the text, and providing a footnote offering further elaboration. Significantly, however, the Japanese word used in the translation need not necessarily be taken directly from the original text. In fact, in all four of these examples the Japanese word used does not actually appear in the corresponding section of the original text; for example, of samurai stock is a translation of the Japanese shizoku, while men's kimonos refers to an item of clothing known as a haori. The word kimono, while borrowed from Japanese, has not been taken from the text that it translates; rather, the unfamiliar foreign object has been represented as a subclass of a familiar foreign object. We will look at this strategy more closely later.

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