| first | premier / première |
| second | deuxième / second |
| third | troisième |
| fourth | quatrième |
| fifth | cinquième |
| sixth | sixième |
| seventh | septième |
| eighth | huitième |
| ninth | neuvième |
| tenth | dixième |
| eleventh | onzième |
| twelfth | douzième |
| twentieth | vingtième |
| twenty-first | vingt et unième |
| thirtieth | trentième |
Note: The majority of numbers become ordinals by adding -ième. But if a number ends in an e, you must drop it before adding the -ième. After a q, you must add a u before the -ième. And an f becomes a v before the -ième.
10. Days of the Week / Les jours de la semaine
| Monday | lundi | /lœ̃di/ |
| Tuesday | mardi | /maʀdi/ |
| Wednesday | mercredi | /mɛʀkʀədi/ |
| Thursday | jeudi | /ʒødi/ |
| Friday | vendredi | /vɑ̃dʀədi/ |
| Saturday | samedi | /samdi/ |
| Sunday | dimanche | /dimɑ̃ʃ/ |
| day | le jour | /lə ʒuʀ/ |
| week | la semaine | /la s(ə)mɛn/ |
| today | aujourd'hui | /oʒuʀdɥi/ |
| yesterday | hier | /jɛʀ/ |
| tomorrow | demain | /dəmɛ̃/ |
| next | prochain / prochaine | /pʀɔʃɛ̃/ /pʀɔʃɛn/ |
| last | dernier / dernière | /dɛʀnje/ /dɛʀnjɛʀ/ |
| day before yesterday | avant-hier | /avɑ̃tjɛʀ/ |
| day after tomorrow | après-demain | /apʀɛdmɛ̃/ |
| the following day | le lendemain | /lə lɑ̃dəmɛ̃/ |
| the day before | la veille | /la vɛj/ |
Articles are not used before days, except to express something that happens habitually on a certain day, such as le lundi = on Mondays. Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing.
11. Months of the Year / Les mois de l'annEe
| January | janvier | /ʒɑ̃vje/ |
| February | février | /fevʀije/ |
| March | mars | /maʀs/ |
| April | avril | /avʀil/ |
| May | mai | /mɛ/ |
| June | juin | /ʒɥɛ̃/ |
| July | juillet | /ʒɥijɛ/ |
| August | août | /u(t)/ |
| September | septembre | /sɛptɑ̃bʀ/ |
| October | octobre | /ɔktɔbʀ/ |
| November | novembre | /nɔvɑ̃bʀ/ |
| December | décembre | /desɑ̃bʀ/ |
| month | le mois | /lə mwa/ |
| year | l'an / l'année | /lɑ̃/ /lane/ |
| decade | la décennie | /deseni/ |
| century | le siècle | /lə sjɛkl/ |
| millennium | le millénaire | /milenɛʀ/ |
To express in a certain month, such as in May, use en before the month as in "en mai." With dates, the ordinal numbers are not used, except for the first of the month: le premier mai but le deux juin. Also note that months are all masculine and not capitalized in French (same as days of the week).
12. Seasons / Les saisons
| Summer | l'été | /lete/ | in the summer | en été | /ɑ̃ nete/ |
| Fall | l'automne | /lotɔn/ | in the fall | en automne | /ɑ̃ notɔn/ |
| Winter | l'hiver | /livɛʀ/ | in the winter | en hiver | /ɑ̃ nivɛʀ/ |
| Spring | le printemps | /lə pʀɛ̃tɑ̃/ | in the spring | au printemps | /o prɛ̃tɑ̃/ |
13. Directions / Les directions
| on the left | à gauche | /a goʃ/ |
| on the right | à droite | /a dʀwɑt/ |
| straight ahead | tout droit | /tu dʀwɑ/ |
| North | le nord | /lə nɔʀ/ | Northeast | le nord-est | /lə nɔʀ(d)ɛst/ |
| South | le sud | /lə syd/ | Northwest | le nord-ouest | /lə nɔʀ(d)wɛst/ |
| East | l'est | /lɛst/ | Southeast | le sud-est | /sydɛst/ |
| West | l'ouest | /lwɛst/ | Southwest | le sud-ouest | /sydwɛst/ |
14. Colors & Shapes / Les couleurs & les formes
| Red | rouge | /ʀuʒ/ | square | le carré | /kaʀe/ |
| Orange | orange | /ɔʀɑ̃ʒ/ | circle | le cercle | /sɛʀkl/ |
| Yellow | jaune | /ʒon/ | triangle | le triangle | /tʀijɑ̃gl/ |
| Green | vert / verte | /vɛʀ/ /vɛʀt/ | rectangle | le rectangle | /ʀɛktɑ̃gl/ |
| Blue | bleu / bleue | /blø/ | oval | l'ovale | /ɔval/ |
| Purple | violet / violette | /vjɔlɛ/ /vjɔlɛt/ | cube | le cube | /kyb/ |
| White | blanc / blanche | /blɑ̃/ /blɑ̃ʃ/ | sphere | la sphère | /sfɛʀ/ |
| Brown | brun / brune marron | /bʀõ/ /bʀyn/ /maʀɔ̃/ | cylinder | le cylindre | /silɛ̃dʀ/ |
| Black | noir / noire | /nwaʀ/ | cone | le cône | /kon/ |
| Pink | rose | /ʀoz/ | octagon | l'octogone | /ɔktogɔn/ |
| Gold | doré / dorée | /dɔʀe/ | box | la boîte | /bwat/ |
| Silver | argenté / argentée | /aʀʒɑ̃te/ | light | clair / claire | /klɛʀ/ |
| Gray | gris / grise | /gʀi/ /gʀiz/ | dark | foncé / foncée | /fɔ̃se/ |
Some adjectives of color do not change to agree with gender or number, such as adjectives that also exist as nouns: orange, marron, rose; and compound adjectives: bleuclair, noir foncé remain masculine even if they describe a feminine noun. Remember to place the color adjective after the noun.
15. Weather / Le temps qu'il fait
| What's the weather like? | Quel temps fait-il? | /kɛl tɑ̃ fɛ til/ |
| It's nice | Il fait bon | /il fɛ bɔ̃/ |
| bad | Il fait mauvais | /il fɛ mɔve/ |
| cool | Il fait frais | /il fɛ fʀɛ/ |
| cold | Il fait froid | /il fɛ fʀwɑ/ |
| warm, hot | Il fait chaud | /il fɛ ʃo/ |
| cloudy | Il fait nuageux | /il fɛ nyaʒ/ |
| beautiful | Il fait beau | /il fɛ bo/ |
| mild | Il fait doux | /il fɛ du/ |
| stormy | Il fait orageux | /il fɛ ɔʀaʒ/ |
| sunny | Il fait soleil | /il fɛ sɔlɛj/ |
| humid | Il fait humide | /il fɛ ymid/ |
| muggy | Il fait lourd | /il fɛ luʀ/ |
| windy | Il fait du vent | /il fɛ dy vɑ̃/ |
| foggy | Il fait du brouillard | /il fɛ dy bʀujaʀ/ |
| snowing | Il neige | /il nɛʒ/ |
| raining | Il pleut | /il plø/ |
| freezing | Il gèle | /il ʒɛl/ |
| hailing | Il grêle | /il gʀɛl/ |
| It is ____ degrees. | Il fait ____ degrés. | /il fɛ __ dəgʀe/ |
Il pleut des cordes /il plø de koʀd/ is a common expression meaning it's pouring. Il caille /il kaj/ or ça caille /sa kaj/ is slang for it's freezing. And remember that France uses Celcius degrees.
16. Time / Le temps qui passe
| What time is it? | Quelle heure est-il? | /kɛl œʀ ɛ til/ |
| It is... | Il est... | /il ɛ/ |
| one o'clock | une heure | /yn œʀ/ |
| two o'clock | deux heures | /dø zœʀ/ |
| noon | midi | /midi/ |
| midnight | minuit | /minɥi/ |
| a quarter after three | trois heures et quart | /tʀwɑ zœʀ e kaʀ/ |
| one o'clock sharp | une heure précise | /yn œʀ pʀesiz/ |
| four o'clock sharp | quatre heures précises | /katʀœʀ pʀesiz/ |
| twelve thirty | midi (minuit) et demi | /midi (minɥi) e dəmi/ |
| six thirty | six heures et demie | /si zœʀ e dəmi/ |
| a quarter to seven | sept heures moins le quart | /sɛt œʀ mwɛ̃ lə kaʀ/ |
| five twenty | cinq heures vingt | /sɛ̃k œʀ vɛ̃/ |
| ten fifty | onze heures moins dix | /ɔ̃z œʀ mwɛ̃ dis/ |
| in the morning/AM | du matin | /dy matɛ̃/ |
| in the afternoon/PM | de l'après-midi | /də lapʀɛmidi/ |
| in the evening/PM | du soir | /dy swaʀ/ |
Official French time is expressed as military time (24 hour clock.) You can only use regular numbers, and not demi, quart, etc. when reporting time with the 24 hour system. For example, if it is 18h30, you must say dix-huit heures trente. The word pile /pil/ is also a more informal way of saying précise (exactly, sharp).
17. Family & Animals / La famille & les animaux
| Family | la famille | /famij/ | Niece | la nièce | /njɛs/ |
| Relatives | des parents | /paʀɑ̃/ | Nephew | le neveu | /n(ə)vœ/ |
| Parents | les parents | /paʀɑ̃/ | Grandchildren | les petits-enfants | /p(ə)tizɑ̃fɑ̃/ |
| Grandparents | les grands-parents | /gʀɑ̃paʀɑ̃/ | Granddaughter | la petite-fille | /p(ə)tit fij/ |
| Mom | la mère / maman | /mɛʀ/ /mɑmɑ̃/ | Grandson | le petit-fils | /p(ə)tifis/ |
| Stepmother/Mother-in-Law | la belle-mère | /bɛlmɛʀ/ | Godfather | le parrain | /paʀɛ̃/ |
| Dad | le père / papa | /pɛʀ/ /papa/ | Godmother | la marraine | /maʀɛn/ |
| Stepfather/Father-in-Law | le beau-père | /bopɛʀ/ | Godson | le filleul | /fijœl/ |
| Daughter | la fille | /fij/ | Goddaughter | la filleule | /fijœl/ |
| Son | le fils | /fis/ | Distant Relatives | des parents éloignés | /paʀɑ̃ elwaɲe/ |
| Sister | la sœur | /sœʀ/ | Single | célibataire | /selibatɛʀ/ |
| Half/Step Sister | la demi-sœur | /dəmi sœʀ/ | Married | marié(e) | /maʀje/ |
| Sister-in-Law | la belle-sœur | /bɛlsœʀ/ | Separated | séparé(e) | /sepaʀe/ |
| Stepdaughter/Daughter-in-Law | la belle-fille | /bɛl fij/ | Divorced | divorcé(e) | /divɔʀse/ |
| Brother | le frère | /fʀɛʀ/ | Widower | veuf | /vœf/ |
| Half/Step Brother | le demi-frère | /dəmi fʀɛʀ/ | Widow | veuve | /vœv/ |
| Brother-in-Law | le beau-frère | /bo fʀɛʀ/ | |||
| Stepson/Son-in-Law | le beau-fils | /bo fis/ | Dog | le chien / la chienne(m) / (f) | /ʃjɛ̃/ /ʃjɛn/ |
| Twins (m) | les jumeaux | /ʒymo/ | Cat | le chat / la chatte (m) / (f) | /ʃa/ /ʃat/ |
| Twins (f) | les jumelles | /ʒymɛl/ | Puppy | le chiot | /ʃjo/ |
| Uncle | l'oncle | /ɔ̃kl/ | Kitten | le chaton | /ʃatɔ̃/ |
| Aunt | la tante | /tɑ̃t/ | Pig | le cochon | /kɔʃɔ̃/ |
| Grandmother | la grand-mère | /gʀɑ̃mɛʀ/ | Rooster | le coq | /kɔk/ |
| Grandfather | le grand-père | /gʀɑ̃pɛʀ/ | Rabbit | le lapin | /lapɛ̃/ |
| Cousin (f) | la cousine | /kuzin/ | Cow | la vache | /vaʃ/ |
| Cousin (m) | le cousin | /kuzɛ̃/ | Horse | le cheval | /ʃ(ə)val/ |
| Wife | la femme | /fam/ | Duck | le canard | /kanaʀ/ |
| Husband | le mari | /maʀi/ | Goat | la chèvre | /ʃɛvʀ/ |
| Woman | la femme | /fam/ | Goose | l'oie | /wa/ |
| Man | l'homme | /ɔm/ | Sheep | le mouton | /mutɔ̃/ |
| Child (m) / (f) | un enfant / une enfant | /ɑ̃fɑ̃/ | Lamb | l'agneau | /aɲo/ |
| Girl | la fille | /fij/ | Donkey | l'âne | /ɑn/ |
| Boy | le garçon | /gaʀsɔ̃/ | Mouse | la souris | /suʀi/ |
Note: Le gendre /ʒɑ̃dʀ/ is another word for son-in-law.
Slang words for people and pets:
| The entire family | toute la smala | /tut la smala/ | Sister | la frangine | /fʀɑ̃ʒin/ |
| Grandma | mémé / mamie | /meme/ /mami/ | Brother | le frangin | /fʀɑ̃ʒɛ̃/ |
| Grandpa | pépé / papi | /pepe/ /papi/ | Son | le fiston | /fistɔ̃/ |
| Children | des gosses | /gɔs/ | Aunt | tata / tatie | /tata/ /tati/ |
| Kid | un gamin / une gamine | /gamɛ̃/ /gamin/ | Uncle | tonton | /tɔ̃tɔ̃/ |
| Woman | une nana | /nana/ | Dog | le cabot / clébard | /kabo/ /klebaʀ/ |
| Man | un mec / type / gars | /mɛk/ /tip/ /gaʀ/ | Cat | le minou | /minu/ |
18. To Know People & Places / connaitre & savoir
| connaître-to know people /kɔnɛtʀ/ | savoir-to know facts /savwaʀ/ | ||||||
| connais | /kɔnɛ/ | connaissons | /kɔnɛsɔ̃/ | sais | /sɛ/ | savons | /savɔ̃/ |
| connais | /kɔnɛ/ | connaissez | /kɔnɛse/ | sais | /sɛ/ | savez | /save/ |
| connaît | /kɔnɛ/ | connaissent | /kɔnɛs/ | sait | /sɛ/ | savent | /sav/ |
Connaître is used when you know (are familiar with) people, places, food, movies, books, etc. and savoir is used when you know facts. When savoir is followed by an infinitive it means to know how.
There is another form of savoir commonly used in the expressions que je sache that I know (of) and pas que je sache not that I know (of).
Je connais ton frère. I know your brother.
Je sais que ton frère s'appelle Jean. I know that your brother is named John.
Connaissez-vous Grenoble? Do you know (Are you familiar with) Grenoble? / Have you ever been to Grenoble?
Oui, nous connaissons Grenoble. Yes, we know (are familiar with) Grenoble. / Yes, we've been to Grenoble.
Tu sais où Grenoble se trouve. You know where Grenoble is located.
Ils savent nager. They know how to swim.
Connaître can be translated several ways into English:
Tu connais le film, Les Enfants? Have you seen the film, Les Enfants?
Tu connais Lyon? Have you ever been to Lyon?
Tu connais la tartiflette? Have you ever eaten tartiflette?
19. Formation of Plural Nouns / la formation des noms pluriels
| To make a noun plural, you usually add an -s (which is not pronounced). But there are some exceptions: | Sing. | Plural | |
| If a noun already ends in an -s, add nothing. | bus(es) | le bus | les bus |
| If a noun ends in -eu or -eau, add an x. | boat(s) | le bateau | les bateaux |
| If a masculine noun ends in -al or -ail, change it to -aux. | horse(s) | le cheval | les chevaux |
| Some nouns ending in -ou add an -x instead of -s. | knee(s) | le genou | les genoux |
Exceptions: festival, carnaval, bal, pneu, bleu, landau, détail, chandail all add -s. There are only seven nouns ending in -ou that add -x instead of -s: bijou, caillou, chou, genou, pou, joujou, hibou. There are, of course, some irregular exceptions: un œil (eye) - des yeux (eyes); le ciel (sky) - les cieux (skies); and un jeune homme (a young man) - des jeunes gens (young men).
Notice that the only time the pronunciation will change in the plural form is for masculine nouns that change -al or -ail to -aux and for the irregular forms. All other nouns are pronounced the same in the singular and the plural - it is only the article that changes pronunciation (le, la, l' to les).
20. Possessive Adjectives / les adjectifs possessifs
| Masc. | Fem. | Plural | |
| My | mon /mɔ̃/ | ma/ma/ | mes /mɛ/ |
| Your | ton /tɔ̃/ | ta /ta/ | tes /tɛ/ |
| His/Her/Its | son/sɔ̃/ | sa /sa/ | ses /sɛ/ |
| Our | notre /nɔtʀ/ | notre /nɔtʀ/ | nos /no/ |
| Your | votre /vɔtʀ/ | votre /vɔtʀ/ | vos /vo/ |
| Their | leur /lœʀ/ | leur /lœʀ/ | leurs /lœʀ/ |
Possessive pronouns go before the noun. When a feminine noun begins with a vowel, you must use the masculine form of the pronoun for ease of pronunciation. Ma amie is incorrect and must be mon amie, even though amie is feminine. Remember that adjectives agree with the noun in gender and number, not the possessor! Sa mère can mean his mother or her mother even though sa is the feminine form, because it agrees with mère and not the possessor (his or her).
C'est ma mère et mon père. This is my mother and my father.
Ce sont vos petits-enfants? These are your grandchildren?
Mes parents sont divorcés. My parents are divorced.
Sa grand-mère est veuve. His grandmother is a widow.
Notre frère est marié, mais notre sœur est célibataire. Our brother is married, but our sister is single.
Ton oncle est architecte, n'est-ce pas? Your uncle is an architect, isn't he?
Leurs cousines sont néerlandaises. Their cousins are Dutch.
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