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| PARAGRAPH 1 | Outlining the research field Step1a by showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting, problematic or relevant in some way (optional) Or/and Step 1b by reviewing some previous research in the area (obligatory) |
| Justifying your research/study Step 2a by counter-claiming or Step 2b by indicating a gap in the previous research or Step 2c by raising a question or Step 2d by continuing a tradition | |
| PARAGRAPH | Introducing your paper Step 3 by outlining purposes or nature of the present research |
| A brief overview of the conference paper | |
| PARAGRAPH | Highlighting the outcome/ making conclusions Step 4 by indicating the most important results or their possible applications and/or implications |
Useful Phrases for outlining the research field
Step 1a tends to begin with some standard phrases which can be characterized by evaluative language that emphasizes the interestingness, importance, or novelty of the research area.
A central issue in … is …
It is now generally accepted/recognized that …
In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in …
Many recent studies have focused on …
Recently, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on …
One of the most important/promising aspects/tasks of … is …
One of the characteristic/important features of … is …
Over the last decade, research on … has increasingly demonstrated that …
The development of … has led to …
The relationship between … has been investigated/explored by many researchers.
The close relationship between … has become well established, supported, in particular, by …
The … has been extensively studied in recent years.
(Yakhontova, 2002: 110)
Step 1b makes intensive use of different citation patterns since here we present review of the previous research in the field.
Useful phrases for justifying your research/study
Quite often Step 2a and Step 2b contain some critique.
Although considerable amount of research has been devoted to …, few attempts have been made to investigate …
Despite the importance/significance of …, little attention has been paid to …
However, few investigations have focused on..
However, little research has been undertaken to study the problem of…
However, little is known about the …
None of these data/results/findings provide the evidence for…
No data/studies support the …
(Yakhontova, 2002: 111)
Step 2c provides motivation for the research by raising a question, problem or need. Here direct questions can be used or the following phrases:
Further investigations are needed to …
It remains unclear whether …
It would be thus of interest to study/learn/investigate …
Step 2d shows how a certain research or its results can be extended in some way.
This method proved to be efficient for solving a number of various problems. In this paper, we demonstrate its applications to …
Useful phrases for introducing your paper
In Step 3 the purpose or nature of the present research are outlined. Typical linguistic features of this step include reference to the paper itself, use of personal pronouns (I, we), and present tense, which helps to emphasize a novel character of the research.
In this paper, I discuss…
In this study, we present the preliminary results of …
In this paper, we report on …
The major task of this study is to provide …
The paper examines …
The resent study analyses …
The purpose of this paper is to give …
This paper focuses on …
This paper addresses the above questions from the perspective of …
This study expands the model of … to…
This study seeks to understand …
This study set out to identify …
Using the described approach, this study explores …
(Yakhontova, 2002: 112)
Useful phrases for highlighting the outcome
Finally, implications will be drawn from the results obtained.
Tentative explanations for … are offered.
The paper closes with several suggestions on …
The paper implies a number of practical recommendations to …
The paper will conclude by …
As a final point, a conclusion involving … will be offered.
(Yakhontova, 2002: 141)
Below there is an example of conference abstracts with identified steps. Read carefully the abstracts and pay attention to the structure, size and language.
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