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— the use of the labio-dental /v, b/ instead of the bilabial /w/,
— absence of aspiration in /p, t, k/ when they occur initially,
— weak pronunciation of voiceless fortis /p, tF k, f, s, J", tf/,
— devoicing of voiced /b, d, g, v, 3, z, g, djj/ in the terminal
position,
Questions
1. What are the mechanisms fort ha production of speech sounds?
2, What are the four main principles of consonant classification?
3, What are the differences in the second principle of consonant clas
sification according to Soviet and foreign linguists? 4. How are the
consonants subdivided according to the third principle? 5. What are
the subgroups of the noise consonants and sonorants within the groups
of the occlusive and constrictive consonants and what is the contro
versy about them? 6. How are the consonants subdivided according
to the noise producing foci and the shape of the narrowing? 7. What
do you know about the groups of the affricates and rolled consonants?
8. What are the principal differences in the articulation bases of the
English and Russian consonants? 9. What mistakes result from the
differences in the articulation bases of the English and Russian con
sonants?
Exercises
1, Draw diagrams of_the four speech producing mechanisms.
2, Explain the work of the four mechanisms in the production of speech sounds,
*3. Explain the articulation of /p, t, k/ and /b, d, q/ from the viewpoint of the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.
*4. Explain the articulation of /mt n, n/ from the point of view of the position of the soft palate.
*S. State the difference in the articulation of /b, v, f/ and the Russian /p/ from the point of view of the manner of noise production.
*6. Explain the articulation of /w, j, h/ from the viewpoint of the active organ of speech.
7. Draw figures of the position of the tip of the tongue in the articulation of the Russian hi, English /t, r/ and the Russian /p/7
*8. Explain the articulation of/s/ and lit from the viewpoint of noise producing foci.
9. Draw figures to show the position of the tongue in the production of front secondary and back secondary foci.
*10. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the aspiration of the" initial /p, t, k/.
people
paper
purpose
possible
put
pence
Pity
poor
pieces
port
penny
take
time
town
ties
tennis
took
taxis
till
teachers
turned
total
toss
tin
tons
courts
cold
careful
car
cook
covered
cost
kissed
campus
curtly
cottage
currents
colour
И. Read these words. Observe the apical and cacuminal positions of the tip of the tongue in pronouncing the English it, r/ and the dorsal in pronouncing the Russian hi.
так
тент
тайм
ток
тел
Том
Тим
тон
тай (от таять)
туу...
тир
Тедди
Антей
Тима
течь
тик
тост
take
tent
time
talk
tell
town
Tim
ton
ties
two
tear
Teddy
take
team
teach
ticket
toast
rates
read /red/
rhyme
rock
Wren
round
rim
run
— rise
— room
— rear
— ready
— rake
— real
— reach
— ricket
— roast
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DIFFERENCES IN THE ARTICULATION BASES OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSJAN CONSONANTS AND THEIR PECULIARITIES | | | ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VOWELS |