Malignant disease

1. While progress was the hallmark of medicine after the beginning of the 20^th century, there is one field in which a gloomier picture must be painted, that of malignant disease, or cancer. It is the second most common cause of death in most Western countries in the second half of the 20^th century, being exceeded only by deaths from heart disease. Some progress, however, has been achieved. The causes of the various types of malignancies are not known, but many more methods are available for attacking the problem; surgery remains the principal therapeutic standby, but radiotherapy and chemotherapy are increasingly used.

2. Soon after the discovery of radium was announced, in 1898, its potentialities in treating cancer were realized; in due course it assumed an important role in therapy. Simultaneously, deep X-ray therapy was developed, and with the atomic age came the use of radioactive isotopes. (A radioactive isotope is an unstable variant of a substance that has a stable form, during the process of breaking down, the unstable form emits radiation), High-voltage X-ray therapy.

3. Of even more significance have been the developments in the chemotherapy of cancer. Nothing remotely resembling a chemotherapeutic cure has been achieved, but in certain forms of malignant disease, such as leukemia, which cannot be treated by surgery, palliative effects have been achieved that prolong life and allow the patient in many instances to lead a comparatively normal existence.

4. Fundamentally, however, perhaps the most important advance of all in this field has been the increasing appreciation of the importance of prevention. The discovery of the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer is the classic example. Less publicized, but of equal importance, is the continuing supervision of new techniques in industry and food manufacture in an attempt to ensure that they do not involve the use of cancer-causing substances.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)

ЗАДАНИЕ №27 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

At present there are known the causes of the various types of malignancies.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A истинным B ложным C нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

It is necessary to provide that new techniques in food manufacture do not involve the use of cancer-causing substances.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A истинным B ложным C нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The advances of chemotherapy still leave one important area vulnerable, that of the viruses.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A истинным B ложным C нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in most Western countries.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A истинным B ложным C нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Lung cancer greatly depends on cigarette smoking.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A 1 B 2

C 3 D 4

ЗАДАНИЕ №32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The potentialities of radium in treating cancer were realized in late 1890’s.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A 1 B 2

C 3 D 4

ЗАДАНИЕ №33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

What is special about leukemia?

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A Chemotherapeutic cure cannot be applied to it.

B X-ray therapy is the principal therapeutic standby in treating it.

C It is caused y cancer-causing substances used in industry.

D It cannot be treated by surgery.

ЗАДАНИЕ №34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

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