Levels of health care

1. In the curative domain there are various forms of medical practice. They may be thought of generally as forming a pyramidal structure, with three tiers representing increasing degrees of specialization and technical sophistification but catering to diminishing numbers of patients as they are filtered out of system at a lower level. Only those patients who require a special attention either for diagnosis or treatment should reach the second (advisory) or third (specialized treatment).

2. The first level represents primary health care or first contact care at which patients have their initial contact with the health-care system. The vast majority of patients can be fully dealt with at the primary level. Those who cannot are referred to the second tier for the opinion of a consultant with specialized knowledge or for X-ray examination and special tests.

3. Secondly health care often requires the technology offered by a local or regional hospital. Increasingly, however, the radiological and laboratory services provided by hospitals are available directly to the family doctor. The third tier of health care, employing specialist services, is offered by institutions such as teaching hospitals and units devoted to the care of particular groups – women, children, patients with mental disorders, and so on.

4. Ideally, provision of health care at all levels will be available to all patients; such health care may be said to be universal. The well-off, both in relatively wealthy industrialized countries and in the poorer developing world, may be to get medical attention from sources they prefer and can pay for in the private sector. The vast majority of people in most countries, however, are dependent in various ways upon health services provided by the state, to which they may contribute comparatively little or, in the case of poor countries, nothing at all.

ЗАДАНИЕ №27 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Secondary health care is offered by a local or regional hospital.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A истинным B ложным C нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The third level of health care deals with particular groups of patients.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A истинным B ложным C нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

X-ray examinations and special tests are provided at the first level ofhealth care.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A истинным B ложным C нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

In the developing countries first contact care is often provided by non-medically qualified personnel.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A истинным B ложным C нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Radiological and laboratory services provided by hospitals are available at the second level of health care structure.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A 1 B 2

C 3 D 4

ЗАДАНИЕ №32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The vast majority of people can contribute nothing to the health services provided by the state.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A 1 B 2

C 3 D 4

ЗАДАНИЕ №33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

What is meant by “universal health care”?

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A It is health care available to all patients.

B It is the case when medical attention is got from the sources the patient prefers.

C It means that a patient can pay formedical services in the private sector.

D It means health services provided by the state.

ЗАДАНИЕ №34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

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