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the pulping chemicals and treatment of the effluent was not usual [4], and for the
Sulfite process in some regions this approach was maintained for almost 100
years. The cheap pulping chemicals – limestone and sulfur – did not require
Expensive recovery, and consequently all wood compounds dissolved during pulping
Were discharged into the rivers. Assuming a pulping yield (on wood) of less
than 50%, more dissolved material such as carbohydrates and sulfonated lignin
Was discharged than fiber produced.
This situation was different in kraft pulping, however, as the rather expensive
caustic soda made recovery economical. The process acquired its other name –
sulfate pulping – from the addition of sodium sulfate as sulfur make-up ahead of
The reduction and combustion steps. As the processes changed slowly to provide
Better recoveries, huge amounts of organic material were removed from the effluent.
Today, in sulfite pulping magnesium is the cation of choice. Following evaporation
And combustion of the dissolved wood material, it is recovered as MgO
From the dust filters. The combustion gases contain SO2, which is recovered by
Absorption by a magnesium oxide slurry. The small number of calcium sulfite
Mills remaining in operation also include an evaporation stage, and produce different
Types of lignosulfonates as valued byproducts. The sulfur dioxide remaining
In the combustion gases is recycled and used to prepare fresh pulping acid solution.
Therefore, sulfite mills do not contribute as excessively as in the past to the
problem of “acid rain”, and sulfur dioxide emission using the best available techniques
(BAT) is now running at 0.5–1.0 kg t–1 pulp (as sulfur) [2].
Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
In alkaline pulping, the intensity of pulping chemical recovery has been
Increased significantly. This had a pronounced impact on the color of the effluent.
In general the effectiveness of brownstock washing and measures to avoid spills
Were intensified. Special basins are required to handle spills. The use of an oxygen
stage as an “extension” of the pulping process has become common practice, as
This permits to combust additional amounts of lignin dissolved by the oxygen
Treatment. This requires a higher evaporation and boiler capacity, but has the
Advantage of reducing the amount of dissolved organic material from the bleach
Plant.
Initially, the bleaching of chemical pulp was limited to treatment with hypochlorite
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High levels of elements such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, | | | In a hollander, and effluent from the bleach plant was discharged without |