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Caustec Causticizers (product leaflet).

Kvaerner Pulping: Karlstad, Sweden,

2003.

Caustec PDW filter (product leaflet).

Kvaerner Pulping: Karlstad, Sweden,

2000.

Kordsachia, O., Stand und Perspektiven

Der Schwarzlaugenvergasung. Das

Papier, 2002; 10: 50–53.

Patrick, K., Gasification edges closer to

Commercial reality with three new N.A.

mill startups. PaperAge, 2003; October:

30–33.

Jopson, N., What tomorrow may bring.

Pulp & Paper International, 2004 (5).

Stigsson, L., et al., Recovery of strongly

Alkaline chemicals for the NovaCell Process.

International Chemical Recovery

Conference. Charlston, SC, USA:

TAPPI/PAPTEC, 2004.

Lindblom, M., An overview over Chemrec

Process concepts. Colloquium on

Black Liquor Combustion and Gasification.

Park City, UT, USA, 2003.

Mansour, M.N., R.R. Chandran, L.

Rockvam. The evolution of and

Advances in steam reforming of black

Liquor. TAPPI Fall Technical Conference.

San Diego, CA, USA, 2002.

Larson, E.D., et al., A cost-benefit

Assessment of BLGCC technology. Tappi

J., 2000; 83(6): 57.

Thorp, B., Agenda 2020. Reachable

Goals Can Double Industry Cash Flow.

PIMA’s Leadership Conference. New

Orleans, LA, USA, 2004.

Nohlgren, I., S. Sinquefield, X. Zeng. In

Situ caustificization for low temperature

Black liquor gasification. Colloquium on

Black Liquor Combustion and Gasification.

Park City, UT, USA, 2003.

28 Thorp, B., Industry/Government Partnership

Targets New Energy Strategies.

Solutions! for People, Processes and Paper,

2003(9): 35–36.

Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production

Hans-Ulrich Suss

10.1

Introduction

Since the production of pulp uses the renewable resource wood, the environmental

Impact starts with the selection of the tree species and their planting. All forestry

Operations have an environmental impact. Forestry certification, for example

by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), is used to describe “best” conditions.

Logging processes and the transport of wood similarly have an impact, as can

Wood storage and debarking. Bark can be described as the natural protection of

Trees against biological activity. Fungi and bacteria use wood as nutrition source,

And therefore trees naturally produce compounds (e.g., resin acids) that have a

Certain toxicity and a very high concentration of poorly biodegradable organic matter

To hinder rapid decay. The leaching of bark with water can result in a rather

High level of toxicity in such an effluent, and dry debarking is therefore preferred.

Bark is burned and used as energy source. Because bark is generally richer in

minerals than the corresponding wood [1], the ash content is usually more than

Which is ten times higher than that in wood. The resulting ashes contain


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Читайте в этой же книге: Is required before the boiler ash is mixed. In addition, any chemical make-up | As minor streams are neglected, such as dust, sulfur dioxide, reduced sulfur compounds | Of sodium carbonate from the smelt to sodium hydroxide needed for cooking. As | The equilibrium of the slaking reaction is far on the product side of Eq. (12), | With a lime mud precoat. As the filter drum rotates, the dregs are dewatered, | Medium as it rotates submerged in slurry, is then washed and continuously | SOLIDS FLOW | Potential to change the face of kraft chemical recovery are black liquor gasification | Heat recovery by steam generation (BLGCC; see Fig. 9.16). In such a case, | Or manganates in combination with BLG. The reactions in the gasifier |
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The sulfite pulping process is of declining relevance. New developments in the| High levels of elements such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron,

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