J. Japan Wood Res. Soc. (Mokuzai

Gakkaishi), 1976; 22(9): 518–525.

125 Halliwell, B., J.M.C. Gutteridge, Free

Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Third

edition. Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2000: 936.

126 Broden, A., R. Simonson, Solubility of

oxygen. 2. Solubility of oxygen in

sodium hydrogen carbonate and

sodium-hydroxide solutions at temperatures

less-than-or-equal-to-150-degrees-

C and pressures less-than-or-equal-to-5

Mpa. Svensk. Papperstidn. – Nordisk Cellulosa,

1979; 82(16): 487–491.

127 Elstner, E.F., Der Sauerstoff. Mannheim:

BI Wissenschftsverlag, 1990: 529.

128 Barton, D.H.R., D.T. Sawyer. Introduction:

The dilemmas of O2 and HOOH

activation. In The Activation of Dioxygen

and Homogeneous Catalytic Oxidation.

Texas A&M University, College Station:

Plenum Press, 1993.

129 Gierer, J., The interplay between oxygen-

derived radical species in the

delignification during oxygen and

hydrogen peroxide bleaching. ACS Symposium

Series, 1999: 422–446.

130 Gierer, J., T. Reitberger, E.Q. Yang,

B.H. Yoon, Formation and involvement

of radicals in oxygen delignification

studied by the autoxidation of lignin

and carbohydrate model compounds.

J. Wood Chem. Technol., 2001; 21(4):

313–341.

131 Merenyi, G., J. Lind, M. Jonsson, Autoxidation

of closed-shell organics – an

outer-sphere electron-transfer. J. Am.

Chem. Soc., 1993; 115(11): 4945–4946.

132 Landucci, L.L., Electrochemical behavior

of catalysts for phenoxy radical generation.

Tappi, 1979; 62(4): 71–74.

133 Bielski, B.H.J., A.O. Allen, Mechanism

of disproportionation of superoxide radicals.

J. Phys. Chem., 1977; 81(11):

1048–1050.

134 Luo, Q.H., S.R. Zhu, M.C. Shen,

J. Wang, A pulse-radiolysis study of catalytic

dismutation of superoxide anion by

copper(II) complex of biscyclam dioxotetraamine.

Radiat. Physics Chem., 1995;

45(2): 247–250.

135 Belloni, J., A. Lecheheb, Heterogeneous

catalysis of superoxide anion dismutation.

Radiat. Physics Chem., 1987; 29(2):

89–92.

136 Bielski, B.H.J., D.E. Cabelli, R.L. Arudi,

A.B. Ross, Reactivity of HO2/O2-radicals

in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. Ref.

Data, 1985; 14(4): 1041–1100.

137 Starnes Jr., W.H., Mechanisms of autoxidation

in neutral or alkaline media. In

First International Symposium on

Delignification with Oxygen Ozone and

Peroxides. Raleigh, North Carolina,

USA: North Caroline State University,

1975.

138 Gierer, J., F. Imsgard, The reactions of

lignin with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

in alkaline media. In First International

Symposium on Delignification

with Oxygen Ozone and Peroxides.

Raleigh, North Carolina, USA: North

Caroline State University, 1975.

139 Legrini, O., E. Oliveros, A.M. Braun,

Photochemical processes for water-treatment.

Chem. Rev., 1993; 93(2): 671–698.

140 Machado, A.E.d.H., R. Ruggiero,

M.G. Neumann, The photodegradation

of lignins in the presence of hydrogen

peroxide. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A:

Chemistry, 1994; 81(2): 107–115.

141 Ruggiero, R., A.E.H. Machado,

A. Castellan, S. Grelier, Photoreactivity

of lignin model compounds in the

photobleaching of chemical pulps.

1. Irradiation of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-

2-(3′-methoxyphenoxy)-1,3-dihydroxypropane

in the presence of singlet

References 903

oxygen sensitizer or hydrogen peroxide

in basic methanol solution. J. Photochem.

Photobiol. A: Chemistry, 1997;

110(1): 91–97.

142 Qiu, Y., Z. Zheng, Y. Zhou, R. Deng,

Z. Dou, Study on singlet oxygen-reinforced

oxygen bleaching of soda-AQ

wheat straw pulp. Zhongguo Zaozhi Xuebao/

Trans. China Pulp Paper, 1997:

40–46.

143 Duarte, A.P., D. Lachenal, Hydrogen

peroxide production during oxygen

bleaching of Eucalyptus globulus kraft

pulp – origin of cellulose degradation.

Pap. Puu, 2002; 84(4): 275–277.

144 Buda, F., B. Ensing, M.C.M. Gribnau,

E.J. Baerends, DFTstudy of the active

intermediate in the Fenton reaction.

Chemistry – AEuropean Journal, 2001;

7(13): 2775–2783.

145 Reitberger, T., J. Gierer, E. Yang,

B.-H. Yoon, Involvement of oxygen-derived

free radicals in chemical and biochemical

degradation of lignin. In Oxidative

Delignification Chemistry,

D.S. Argyropoulos, Ed. American

Chemical Society, Oxford University

Press: Washington, DC, 2001: 255–271.

146 Chang, H.-M., J.S. Gratzl, Ring cleavage

reactions of lignin models with oxygen

and alkali. In First International Symposium

on Delignification with Oxygen

Ozone and Peroxides. Raleigh, North

Carolina, USA: North Caroline State

University, 1975.

147 Aoyagi, T., S. Hosoya, J. Nakano, A new

reaction site in lignin during O2-alkali

treatment. In First International Symposium

on Delignification with Oxygen

Ozone and Peroxides. Raleigh, North

Carolina, USA: North Caroline State

University, 1975.

148 Nilvebrant, N.O., J. Gierer, Oxygen and

hydrogen-peroxide as bleaching

reagents, their selectivity and cooperation

in lignin degradation. Abstracts,

Papers Am. Chem. Soc., 1987; 193: 15.

149 Ek, M., J. Gierer, K. Jansbo, Study on

the selectivity of bleaching with oxygencontaining

species. Holzforschung, 1989;

43(6): 391–396.

150 Belgacem, M.N., D.V. Evtuguin,

I. Deineko, Influence of the base nature

on the lignin reactivity and oxidation

selectivity during oxygen delignification

of Picea excelsa. Cellulose Chem. Technol.,

2002; 36(3–4): 327–338.

151 Chen, S.L., L.A. Lucia, Fundamental

insight into the mechanism of oxygen

delignification of kraft pulps. II. Application

of surfactants. Cellulose Chem.

Technol., 2002; 36(5–6): 495–505.

152 Chen, S.L., L.A. Lucia, Fundamental

insight into the mechanism of oxygen

delignification of kraft pulps: The influence

of a novel carbohydrate protective

system. Cellulose Chem. Technol., 2002;

36(3–4): 339–351.

153 Van Heiningen, A., S. Violette, Selectivity

improvement during oxygen delignification

by adsorption of a sugar-basedpolymer.

J. Pulp Paper Sci., 2003; 29(2):

48–53.

154 Gibson, A., M. Wajer, The use of magnesium

hydroxide as an alkali and cellulose

protector in chemical pulp bleaching.

Pulp Paper Can., 2003; 104(11):

28–32.

155 Gevert, B.S., S.F. Lohmander, Influence

of sulfur compounds, manganese, and

magnesium on oxygen bleaching of

kraft pulp. Tappi J., 1997: 263–268.

156 Lucia, L.A., R.S. Smereck, Effect of lignin

content and magnesium-to-manganese

ratio on the selectivity of oxygen

delignification in softwood kraft pulp.

Pure Appl. Chem., 2001; 73(12):

2059–2065.

157 Argyropoulos, D.S., Oxidative delignification

chemistry. Fundamentals and catalysis.

ACS Symposium Series 785.

Washington, DC: American Chemical

Society, 2001: 533.

158 Beyer, M., C. Baurich, K. Fischer, Mechanisms

of light and heat-induced discoloration

of pulps. Papier, 1995; 49(10A):

V8–V14.

159 Crestini, C., M. Dauria, Photodegradation

of lignin: The role of singlet oxygen.

J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. Chemistry,

1996; 101(1): 69–73.

160 Machado, A.E.D., R. Ruggiero,

M.G.H. Terrones, A. Nourmamode,

S. Grelier, A. Castellan, Photodelignification

of Eucalyptus grandis organosolv

chemical pulp. J. Photochem. Photobiol.

A. Chemistry, 1996; 94(2–3): 253–262.

904 7Pulp Bleaching

161 Wang, J., G. Heitner, R.J. Manley, The

photodegradation of milled-wood lignin.

2. The effect of inhibitors. J. Pulp Paper

Sci., 1996; 22(2): J58–J63.

162 Crestini, C., M. Dauria, Singlet oxygen

in the photodegradation of lignin models.

Tetrahedron, 1997; 53(23):

7877–7888.

163 Machado, A.E.H., A.J. Gomes,

C.M.F. Campos, M.G.H. Terrones,

D.S. Perez, R. Ruggiero, A. Castellan,

Photoreactivity of lignin model compounds

in the photobleaching of chemical

pulps. 2. Study of the degradation of

4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde and

two lignin fragments induced by singlet

oxygen. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A.

Chemistry, 1997; 110(1): 99–106.

164 Barclay, L.R.C., J.K. Grandy,

H.D. MacKinnon, H.C. Nichol,

M.R. Vinqvist, Peroxidations initiated by

lignin model compounds: investigating

the role of singlet oxygen in photo-yellowing.

Can. J. Chem. – Rev. Canadienne

De Chimie, 1998; 76(12): 1805–1816.

165 Bonini, C., M. D’Auria, G. Mauriello,

D. Viggiano, F. Zimbardi, Singlet oxygen

degradation of lignin in the pulp.

J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. Chemistry,

1998; 118(2): 107–110.

166 Bonini, C., M. D’Auria, L. D’Alessio,

G. Mauriello, D. Tofani, D. Viggiano,

F. Zimbardi, Singlet oxygen degradation

of lignin. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A.

Chemistry, 1998; 113(2): 119–124.

167 Bentivenga, G., C. Bonini, M. D’Auria,

A. De Bona, Singlet oxygen degradation

of lignin: a GC-MS study on the residual

products of the singlet oxygen degradation

of a steam exploded lignin from

beech. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. Chemistry,

1999; 128(1–3): 139–143.

168 Bentivenga, G., C. Bonini, M. D’Auria,

A. De Bona, G. Mauriello, Singlet oxygen

mediated degradation of Klason lignin.

Chemosphere, 1999; 39(14):

2409–2417.

169 Castellan, A., D. Da Silva Perez,

A. Nourmamode, S. Grelier,

M.G.H. Terrones, A.E.H. Machado,

R. Ruggiero, The improvement of the

bleaching of peroxyformic sugar cane

bagasse pulp by photocatalysis and

photosensitization. J. Brazil. Chem. Soc.,

1999: 197–202.

170 Bentivenga, G., C. Bonini, M. D’Auria,

A. De Bona, G. Mauriello, Fine chemicals

from singlet-oxygen-mediated degradation

of lignin – a GC/MS study at

different irradiation times on a steamexploded

lignin. J. Photochem. Photobiol.

A. Chemistry, 2000; 135(2–3): 203–206.

171 Lanzalunga, O., M. Bietti, Photo- and radiation

chemical induced degradation of

lignin model compounds. J. Photochem.

Photobiol. B. Biology, 2000; 56: 85–108.

172 Araujo, E., A.J. Rodriguez-Malaver,

A.M. Gonzalez, O.J. Rojas, N. Penaloza,

J. Bullon, M.A. Lara, N. Dmitrieva, Fenton’s

reagent-mediated degradation of

residual Kraft black liquor. Appl. Biochem.

Biotechnol., 2002; 97(2): 91–103.

173 Bonini, C., A. Carbone, M. D’Auria, Singlet

oxygen mediated degradation of lignin

– a kinetic study. Photochem. Photobiol.

Sci., 2002; 1(6): 407–411.

174 Bonini, C., M. D’Auria, R. Ferri, Singlet

oxygen mediated degradation of lignin –

isolation of oxidation products from

steam-exploded lignin from pine. Photochem.

Photobiol. Sci., 2002; 1(8):

570–573.

175 Da Silva Perez, D., A. Castellan,

A. Nourmamode, S. Grelier,

R. Ruggiero, A.E.H. Machado, Photosensitized

delignification of residual lignin

and chemical pulp from Eucalyptus

grandis wood. Holzforschung, 2002;

56(6): 595–600.

176 D’Auria, M., C. Bonini, L. Emanuele,

R. Ferri, Singlet oxygen-mediated degradation

of lignin – Isolation of oxidation

products from steam-exploded lignin

from straw. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A.

Chemistry, 2002. 147(2): 153–156.

177 Perez, D.D., A. Castellan,

A. Nourmamode, S. Grelier,

R. Ruggiero, A.E.H. Machado, Photosensitized

delignification of residual lignin

and chemical pulp from Eucalyptus

grandis wood. Holzforschung, 2002;

56(6): 595–600.

178 D’Auria, M., R. Ferri, Frontier orbitals

control in the reactivity of singlet oxygen

with lignin model compounds – An

ab initio study. J. Photochem. Photobiol.

A. Chemistry, 2003; 157(1): 1–4.

References 905

179 Hwang, K.-O., L.A. Lucia, Fundamental

insights into the oxidation of lignocellulosics

obtained from singlet oxygen

photochemistry. J. Photochem. Photobiol.

A. Chemistry, 2004; 168: 205–209.

180 Reale, S., A. Di Tullio, N. Spreti,

F. De Angelis, Mass spectrometry in the

biosynthetic and structural investigation

of lignins. Mass Spectrom. Rev., 2004;

23(2): 87–126.

181 Chupka, E.I., V.V. Vershal, Role of singlet

oxygen during lignin oxidation in

alkali solutions. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii,

1986 (1): 121–122.

182 Lucia, L.A., M.M. Goodell, F.S. Chakar,

A.J. Ragauskas, Breaking the oxygen

delignification barrier: lignin reactivity

and inactivity. In Oxidative Delignification

Chemistry, D.S. Argyropoulos, Ed.

American Chemical Society, Oxford

University Press:Washington, DC,

2001: 92–107.

183 Malinen, R., Behavior of wood polysaccharides

during oxygen-alkali delignification.

Papper och Tra, 1975; 4a:

193–204.

184 Samuelson, O., L. Stolpe, Aldonic acid

end groups in cellulose after oxygen

bleaching. I. Model experiments with

hydrocellulose. Tappi, 1969; 52(9):

1709–1711.

185 Theander, O., Carbohydrate reactions in

oxygen-alkali delignification processes.

In First International Symposium on

Delignification with Oxygen Ozone and

Peroxides. Raleigh, North Carolina,

USA: North Caroline State University,

1975.

186 Lewin, M., Oxidation and aging of cellulose.

Macromol. Symp., 1997; 118:

715–724.

187 Ericsson, B., B.O. Lindgren,

O. Theander, Degradation of cellulose

during oxygen bleaching. oxidation and

alkaline treatment of d -glucosone. Cellulose

Chem. Technol., 1973; 7: 581–591.

188 Samuelson, O., Degradation of cellulose

in different bleaching processes. Das

Papier, 1970; 24(10A): 671.

189 Lindberg, B., O. Theander, Reactions between

D-glucosone and alkali. Acta

Chim. Scand., 1968; 22: 1782–1786.

190 Malinen, R., E. Sjostrom, Studies on the

reactions of carbohydrates during oxygen

bleaching. Part I. Oxidative alkaline

degradation of cellobiose. Papper och

Tra, 1972; 54: 451–468.

191 Samuelson, O., L. Thede, Identification

of carboxyl groups in cellulose after

aging as alkali cellulose. Tappi, 1969; 52:

99–104.

192 Malinen, R., E. Sjostrom, Studies on the

reactions of carbohydrates during oxygen

bleaching. Part III. Degradation of

cello-oligosaccharides and hydrocellulose.

Papper och Tra, 1973; 55: 547–556.

193 Malinen, R., E. Sjostrom, Studies on the

reactions of carbohydrates during oxygen

bleaching. Part IV. Degradation of

manno-oligosaccharides and mannan.

Papper och Tra, 1974; 56: 895.

194 Malinen, R., E. Sjostrom, Studies on the

reactions of carbohydrates during oxygen

bleaching. Part V. Degradation of

xylose, xylo-oligosaccharides and birch

xylan. Papper och Tra, 1975; 57: 101–114.

195 Kolmodin, H., O. Samuelson, Oxygenalkali

treatment of hemicellulose.

2. Experiments with birch xylan. Svensk.

Papperstidn., 1973; 76(2): 71–77.

196 Jacobs, A., P.T. Larsson, O. Dahlman,

Distribution of uronic acids in xylans

from various species of soft- and hardwood

as determined by MALDI mass

spectrometry. Biomacromolecules, 2001;

2: 979–990.

197 Aurell, R., N. Hartler, G. Persson, Alkali

stability of 2- O -(4- O -methyl-alpha-Dxylopyranosyluronic

acid)-D-xylopyranose.

Acta Chim. Scand., 1963; 17(2):

545.

198 Aspinall, G.O., R.J. Sturgeon,

C.T. Greenwood, Degradation of xylans

by alkali. J. Chem. Soc., 1961: 3667.

199 Malinen, R., E. Sjostrom, J. Ylijoki,

Studies on the reactions of carbohydrates

during oxygen bleaching. Part II.

Degradation of aldonic and glucosylaldonic

acids. Papper och Tra, 1973; 55: 5.

200 Ericsson, B., R. Malinen, Oxygen and

hydrogen peroxide oxidation of methyl

4- O -methyl-b-D-glucopyranoside in

alkaline solution. Cellulose Chem. Technol.,

1974; 8: 327–338.

201 Ericsson, B., B.O. Lindgren,

O. Theander, Formation of methyl 2-carboxy-

beta-D-pentofuranosides by oxidation

of methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside

906 7Pulp Bleaching

with oxygen in alkaline, aqueous solution.

Carbohydrate Res., 1972; 23:

323–325.

202 Guay, D.F., B.J.W. Cole, J.R.C. Fort,

J.M. Genco, M.C. Hausman, Mechanisms

of oxidative degradation of carbohydrates

during oxygen delignification.

I. Reaction of methyl b-D-glucopyranoside

with photochemically generated hydroxyl

radicals. J. Wood Chem. Technol.,

2000: 375–394.

203 Yokoyama, T., Y. Matsumoto,

G. Meshitsuka, Enhancement of the

reaction between pulp components and

hydroxyl radical produced by the decomposition

of hydrogen peroxide under

alkaline conditions. J. Wood Sci., 2002;

48(3): 191–196.

204 Guay, D.F., B.J.W. Cole, R.C. Fort,

M.C. Hausman, J.M. Genco, T.J. Elder,

K.R. Overly, Mechanisms of oxidative

degradation of carbohydrates during

oxygen delignification. II. Reaction of

photochemically generated hydroxyl

radicals with methyl beta-cellobioside.

J. Wood Chem. Technol., 2001; 21(1):

67–79.

205 Kolmodin, H., Treatment of ethyl

4- O -methyl-b-D-glycopyranosides with

oxygen-alkali. Carbohydrate Res., 1974;

34(2): 227–232.

206 McCloskey, J.T., L.R. Schroeder,

J.D. Sinkey, N.S. Thompson, Degradation

of methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside

by oxygen in alkaline-solutions. Pap.

Puu, 1975; 57(3): 131.

207 Ericsson, B., J. Kolar, B.O. Lindgren,

R. Malinen, O. Theander, Carbohydrate

reactions in oxygen-alkali delignification

– oxidation of methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside,

methyl-4-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside

and methyl-beta-D-xyloside.

Abstracts, Papers Am. Chem. Soc.,

1974: 41–41.

208 Samuelson, O., L. Stolpe, Degradation

of carbohydrates during oxygen bleaching.

1. Cellobitol as a model substance.

Svensk. Papperstidn., 1969; 20: 662–666.

209 Sinkey, J.D., N.S. Thompson, Function

of magnesium compounds in an oxygen-

alkali-carbohydrate system. Pap.

Puu, 1974; 56(5): 473.

210 De Souza, I.J., J. Bouchard, M. Methot,

R. Berry, D.S. Argyropoulos, Carbohydrates

in oxygen delignification. Part I:

Changes in cellulose crystallinity. J.

Pulp Paper Sci., 2002; 28(5): 167–170.

211 Guay, D.F., B.J.W. Cole, R.C. Fort,

M.C. Hausman, J.M. Genco, T.J. Elder,

Mechanisms of oxidative degradation of

carbohydrates during oxygen delignification.

Part III: Reaction of photochemically

generated hydroxyl radicals with

1,5-anhydrocellobitol and cellulose.

J. Pulp Paper Sci., 2002; 28(7): 217–221.

212 Sun, Y.P., A.F.A. Wallis, K.L. Nguyen,

Reactivity of lignin and lignin models

towards UV-assisted peroxide. J. Wood

Chem. Technol., 1997; 17(1–2): 163–178.

213 Buxton, G.V., C.L. Greenstock,

W.P. Helman, A.B. Ross, Critical review

of rate constants for reactions of

hydrated electrons, hydrogen-atoms and

hydroxyl radicals (_ OH/ _ O–) in aqueous

solution. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1988;

17(2): 513–886.

214 Malinen, R., E. Sjostrom, Oxygen-alkali

oxidation of methyl glycosides. Cellulose

Chem. Technol., 1975; 9: 231–238.

215 Lowendahl, L., G. Petersson,

O. Samuelson, Formation of dicarboxylic

acids from 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic

acid in alkaline solution in the

presence and absence of oxygen. Carbohydrate

Res., 1975; 43(2): 355–359.

216 Lind, J., G. Merenyi, N.O. Nilvebrant,

Hydroxyl radical induced viscosity loss

in cellulose fibres. J. Wood Chem. Technol.,

1997; 17(1–2): 111–117.

217 Schuchmann, M.N., C.V. Sonntag, Radiation-

chemistry of carbohydrates. 14.

Hydroxyl radical induced oxidation of

D-glucose in oxygenated aqueous-solution.

J. Chem. Soc. -Perkin Trans. 2, 1977

(14): 1958–1963.

218 Tronchet, J.M., A. Cier, C. Nofre, M.A.

Ravier, Chimie organique – action du

radical libre hydroxyle sur le D-ribose.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-21