WORD BUILDING. 7. Translate the following derivative words:

7. Translate the following derivative words:

noun + - ic → adjective

Academy – academic, economy – economic, science – scientific, energy – energetic, hero – heroic, poet – poetic, drama – dramatic

adjective + -ty → noun

Curious – curiosity, anxious – anxiety, gay – gaiety, brief – brevity, vain – vanity, simple – simplicity, similar – similarity

adjective + -ly → adverb

Similar – similarly, popular – popularly, gradual – gradually, simple – simply, international – internationally, educational – educationally, natural – naturally, historical – historically

verb + -able → adjective

To read – readable, to accept – acceptable, to agree – agreeable, to change – changeable, to enjoy – enjoyable, to apply – applicable

8. Form adjectives using suffixes – ic, -ous, -able:

Photography, sympathy, climate, democracy, humour, fame, industry, to depend, to break, to enjoy

9. Guess the meaning of the words in bold type:

Noble – nobility; change – unchangeable; to suit – suitable; artist – artistic; symptom — symptomatic; definitely – indefinitely; respectively – irrespectively; cheap – cheaply; individual – individuality; simple – simplicity; certain – uncertainty; security – insecurity

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

10. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

applicant –абитуриент at least —по крайней мере to be awarded – награждаться to carry out —завершить, выполнить completion – завершение, окончание compulsory – обязательный core curriculum – основная программа to defend a thesis – защитить дипломную работу (диссертацию) demand – требование due to – благодаря, вследствие education –образование; (higher education – высшее образование; secondary education – среднее образование) to elaborate – тщательно разрабатывать to ensure – обеспечивать, гарантировать evening course – вечернее обучение

extramural course – заочное обучение final —последний, заключительный; finals –выпускные экзамены frame -рама, рамка; in the framework of –в рамках, пределах to go on — продолжать higher education establishment –вуз humanities – гуманитарные наукиto pass exams – сдать экзамены primary — начальный research paper– исследовательская работа scholarship – стипендия science – наука; sciences – соб. естественные науки similar – похожий, подобный to state – излагать, формулировать to take competitive exams – сдавать конкурсные экзамены vocational school – профессиональное училище

11. Read and translate the following text:

Text 1 A

Higher Education in Russia

Russia’s higher education system started with the foundation of the universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg in the middle of the 18th century. The system was constructed similar to that of Germany. In Soviet times all of the population in Russia had at least a secondary education. The pursuit of higher education was and still is considered to be very prestigious. More than 50% of people have a higher education.

Russians have always shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated in the constitution of the Russian Federation. It's ensured by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools and higher education establishments. It is also ensured by the development of extramural and evening courses and the system of state scholarships and grants. Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. If a pupil of secondary school wishes to go on with education, he or she must stay at school for two more years.

Primary and secondary schools together comprise 11 years of study. Every school has a «core curriculum» of academic subjects. After finishing the 9th form one can go on to a vocational school which offers programmes of academic subjects and a programme of training in a technical field, or a profession. After finishing the 11th form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go into higher education. All applicants must take competitive exams. Higher education institutions, that is institutes or universities, offer a 5-years’ programme of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields.

Due to great demands of the international educational organizations, the system of education in Russia began to change over the past years. Universities began transitioning to a system similar to that of Britain and the USA: 4 years for the Bachelor’s degree (the first university level degree which is equivalent to the B.Sc. degree in the US or Western Europe) and 2 years for a Master’s degree (postgraduate higher education which is equivalent to a Master’s Degree (M.Sc, M.A.)) in the US or Western Europe. The Bachelor’s degree programmes last for at least 4 years of full-time university-level study.

The programmes are elaborated in accordance with the State Educational Standards which regulate almost 80% of their content. The other 20% are elaborated by the university itself. The programmes include professional and special courses in Science, the Humanities and Social-economic disciplines, professional training, completion of a research paper/project and passing of State final exams. Having obtained the Bachelor’s degree, students may apply to enter the Master’s programme or continue their studies in the framework of the Specialist Diploma programmes. The Bachelor’s degree is awarded after defending a Diploma project prepared under the guidance of a supervisor and passing the final exams. Holders of the Bachelor’s degree are admitted to enter the Specialist Diploma and Master’s degree programmes. Access to these programmes is competitive. The Master’s degree is awarded after successful completion of two-years’ full-time study. Students must carry out a one-year research including practice and prepare and defend a thesis which constitutes an original contribution and sit for final examinations. Nowadays as the system of higher education in Russia is going through a transitional period, the universities are still in the process of these changes; some of them offer the new system of education while others still work according to the prior 5-year system.

TEXT AND VOCABULARY EXERCISES

12. Find in the text the words or phrases which mean the same as:

§ система высшего образования	§ среднее образование
§ защитить диплом (дипломную работу)	§ заочная и вечерняя формы § образования
§ гуманитарные дисциплины	§ обязательный
§ государственные экзамены	§ степень
§ профессиональные курсы	§ точные (естественные) науки
§ выпускные экзамены	§ завершение, окончание
§ специальные курсы	§ академические предметы
§ считаться престижным	§ практика

13. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:

§ to begin	§ to continue	§ disciplines
§ basis	§ thanks to	§ to be the same
§ research project	§ guidance	§ to suggest

14. Find in the text the antonyms to the following words:

§ to start	§ exclusive	§ equivalent
§ to fail an exam	§ to graduate	§ to unchange

15. Choose among the words in parentheses the one that corresponds to the text above to complete the sentences:

1. Russia’s higher education system started with the foundation of the universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg ___ of the 18th century.

(a. at the beginning; b. in the middle; c. at the end)

2. The pursuit of higher education was and still is considered to be very ___.

(a. modern; b. fashionable; c. prestigious)

3. The right to education is stated in the ___ of the Russian Federation.

(a. regulations; b. laws; c. constitution)

4. Education in Russia is ___ up to the 9th form inclusive.

(a. free of charge; b. recommended; c. compulsory)

5. Institutes or universities offer 5-years ___ of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields.

(a. course; b. programme; c. plan)

6. The system of education in Russia began ___ over the past years.

(a. to change; b. to make experiments; c. to research)

7. The Bachelor’s degree is ___ after defending a Diploma project.

(a. presided; b. given; c. awarded)

8. The Master’s degree is awarded after completion of ___ years’ full-time study.

(a. three; b. two; c. four)

9. Nowadays the universities are still in the ___ of these changes.

(a. process; b. state; c. system)

16. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Continuing/further education; university education; all-round education; compulsory education; classical education; vocational training/education; technical education; many-sided education; school education; to educate, to provide an education; free education; special education; secondary education; general education; liberal education; elementary education, primary education

17. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Забота об образовании; право на образование; система государственных стипендий и грантов; программа подготовки; профессиональные и специальные курсы; доступ к программам; присуждать степень; успешное окончание; переходный период; работать в соответствии с чем-либо

18. Read Text 1A once more. In pairs, discuss the statements below. Say what you think about them and ask your partner if he/she agrees or disagrees with you. Use the following phrases to help you:

Agreeing I agree with you. Yes, that is what I think too. You are right!

Disagreeing politely Yes, but don’t you think…? True, but I think… I see what you mean, but…

1. Russia’s higher education system started in the middle of the 18th century and it was similar to that of Germany and England.

2. Nowadays higher education is still considered to be not very prestigious.

3. The right to education should be stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

4. Primary and secondary schools together comprise 11 years of study.

5. After finishing the 11th form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go into higher education without competitive exams.

6. The system of education in Russia has already changed due to demands of the international educational organizations.

7. The Bachelor’s degree programmes last at least 5 years of full-time university-level study.

8. The Bachelor’s degree is awarded after defending a Diploma project under the guidance of a supervisor and passing the final exam.

9. The Master’s degree is awarded after successful completion of two years’ full-time study.

10. Nowadays the universities are still in the process of change: some of them offer the new system while others still work according to the prior 5-year system.

19. Give a short summary of the following text:

Unified State Exam

This type of examination was adopted recently. It is a test which is passed at the end of 9th and 11th form. It consists of three parts: part A contains tasks where the student has to pick out the correct answer out of several, in part B the correct answer should be written in one word, and no variants are given, and in Part C the student has to write the full solution (as in mathematics) or a composition (as in literature). The answers are written on special blanks, digitally scanned, with parts A and B being checked automatically by the computer software. An excellent score ranges, depending on the subject, from 65 (mathematics) to 90 (foreign language) out of 100. What’s good for students of 11th form is that now they do not have to pass both their final school exams and entrance exams at a university. The score of several subjects is summed up, this total score is the basis of accepting a student at a university. Students now also have a chance to apply at several universities and choose one after they get to know if their score is enough to enter this or that university.

20. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box:

institutions finishing comprise to go on compulsory ensured to concern at least similar

The system of higher education in Russia was constructed 1 ___ to that of Germany. In Soviet times all the population in Russia had 2 ___ a secondary education. Russians have always shown a great 3 ___ for education. The right 4 ___ education is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is 5 ___ by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools and higher education establishments. Education in Russia is 6 ___ up to the 9th form inclusive. If a pupil of secondary school wishes 7 ___ higher education, he or she must stay at school for two more years. Primary and secondary schools together 8 ___ 11 years of study. After 9 ___ the 11th form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go into higher education. Higher education 10 ___, that is institutes or universities, offer a 5-years’ programme of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields.

Check your answers on p.279.

Consult the TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING and complete the information about the system of Russian higher education (Text 1) and about the impact of education on society (Text 2). Be ready to discuss the information you have read.

22. Read the following text to learn about the history of technical education in Russia:

Text 1 B

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