Edward the Confessor to Edward III

Elgiva m. 1^st Aethelred II ‘The Unready’ m. 2^nd Emma

Eadmund II ‘Ironside’ m. Algitha Eadward III ‘The Confessor’ reigned 1047-1066

Eadward ‘The Exile’ 1017-1047 m. Agatha

Malcolm, King of Scots m. Margaret

Henry I m. Matilda of Scotland

Geoffrey, Count of Anjou m. Matilda

Henry II 1154-1189 m. Eleanor of Aquitaine

John m. Isabelle of Angoulême Richard I, Coeur de Lion, r. 1189-1199

Henry III m. Eleanor of Provence

Edward I, 1239 – r. 1272-1307 m. Eleanor of Castile

Edward II, 1284 – r. 1307-1327 m. Isabella of France

Edward III 1312 r. 1327-1377 m. Philippa of Hainault

21 Generations, by either of two lines of descent, to Edward & Alexander Fitzhugh

.oOo.

[1] State Papers of Henry VIII, Volume I, 3348, 9 October 1514; 3357, 12 October 1514; Mary was at first in the Court of the Archduchess of Austria, Anne Boleyn, Mary Louise Bruce, Pan Books, London, 1972, British Library Shelfmark X.708.12609.

[2] Tudor Women, Queens and Commoners, Alison Plowden, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979, p.42: Referring to the Court of Francis I, “Rarely did any maid or wife leave that court chaste.” – Sieur de Brantôme.

[3] The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Alison Weir, Pimlico, 1997, p.134. Hackney: a common horse.

[4] State Papers of Henry VIII, Volume X, 450, 10 March, 1536; Henry VIII, King & Court, Alison Weir, Jonathan Cape, 2001, p.221; The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn, Retha M. Warnicke, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p.46: Francis I’s description of Mary Carey was “ una grandissima ribalda et infame sopre tutte”, “a great whore, the most infamous of all.”

[5] Bruce, op.cit., p.23.

[6] The Other Boleyn Girl, by Philippa Gregory, Harper Collins, London, 2001. This is not the only historical novel devoted to Mary Boleyn. The Reluctant Mistress by Peggy Boynton [BL Shelfmark Nov. 39112] is a very lightweight, and rather inaccurate, romantic novel, probably intended for teenagers.

[7] Indeed the Tudors themselves were descended illegitimately (though later legitimised) through the Beaufort Line.

[8] Henry VIII and His Queens, David Loades, Sutton, 1994, p.40.

[9] For example, see Weir, 1997, p.134, & Loades, 1994, pp.33-4.

[10] This point is strongly made in Anne Boleyn, E.W. Ives, Basil Blackwell, 1987, p.20.

[11] Weir, 2001, p.221; The Tudor Court, David Loades, Batsford, 1986.

[12] Tudor Women, Queens & Commoners, Alison Plowden, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979, p.76.

[13] Warnicke, p.36. State Papers of Henry VIII, Volume III, 1539, 11 February, 1520.

[14] Bruce, op. cit., p.24.

[15] Weir 2001, p.221.

[16] Weir, 1997, p.134.

[17] It is possible that Anne herself promoted Henry Carey as the King’s son. Gregory’s thesis is that the reason Anne seized the Wardship of Henry after William Carey’s death was that he could then become her own “son” if she failed to produce a natural male heir. She could only have succeeded with this if everyone agreed, at least tacitly, that Henry Carey was the King’s son.

[18] Weir, 2001, p.126, referring to Letters & Papers of Reign of Henry VIII; also pp. 221, 272, and Weir, 1997, p.134.

[19] The History of England, John Lingard, 1849, Vol IV. pp. 474-5.

[20] Henry VIII, J.J. Scarisbrick, Yale English Monarchs, Yale University Press, 1997, p.148; Weir, 2001, p.272; See State Papers, VIII, 567 following for exact quotation.

[21] Henry VIII and His Queens, David Loades, Sutton, 2000, p.21; The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Antonia Fraser, 1988, p.101.

[22] Weir, 1997, p.134.

[23] Loades, 1994, p.36; Bruce, 1972 points out that Henry gave FitzRoy Henry VII’s title and a household larger than Princess Mary’s.

[24] Plowden, 1979, p.45.

[25] Warnicke, p.46.

[26] On June 10. State Papers of King Henry VIII, Volume IV, 23 June, 1528; Volume VIII, 854, 25 April, 1539.

[27] Bruce, op. cit., p.101.

[28] The Bullens of Hever, Gavin Astor, 2^nd Baron Astor of Hever, 1972, British Library shelfmark YA1994.a.11548.

[29] She died on July 19, 1543, Weir, 1997, p.273.

[30] State Papers of Henry VIII, Vol. VII, 1655, written in 1534; also 1554, 19 Dec. 1534, Chapuys to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. But at least her daughter Catherine Carey, in about 1539, won appointment as Maid of Honour to Anne of Cleves, Henry’s fourth wife, Warnicke, 1989, p.237.

[31] At least a score of separate properties; see list under References, State Papers, following.

[32] State Papers of King Henry VIII, Vol. XIV, 572(3), 22 Nov., 1539. With him was his son-in-law to be, Sir Francis Knollys [ DNB ].

[33] The story from here on is from the Dictionary of National Biography.

[34] ‘“I doubt much, my Harry,” wrote Elizabeth to him after his suppression of the Northern Rebellion, “whether that the victory given me more joyed me, or that you were by God appointed the instrument of my glory.” And with the bitterness of a true patriot, as well as a true kinsman, he was at times so affected as to be ‘almost senseless, considering the time, the necessity Her Majesty hath of assured friends, the needfulness of good and sound counsel, and the small care it seems she hath of either. Either she is bewitched or doomed to destruction.”’, p.186. Also, p.193: “Queen Elizabeth loved the Knollyses for themselves … [they] profit at home, continuing constantly at court; and no wonder, if they were the warmest who sate next the fire.” - Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, DD, Seventh Edition, London, 1890, British Library Shelfmark 1609/6090, p. 186, quoting Aiken’s Elizabeth, i, 243, and Froude, ix, 557.

[35] Stanley, op. cit., quoting Fuller’s Worthies, i, 433.

[36] State Papers, Domestic, 1581-1590, p.181, 1584.

[37] The Queen keenly felt the loss of Catherine [ DNB, XI, 278; Hatfield MSS, i, 400].

[38] Ballads & Broadsides Chiefly of the Elizabethan Period…, H.L. Collmann, British Library shelfmark C.101.h.10, quoting a letter from Sir N. White to Cecil, Wright’s Queen Elizabeth, Vol. i, p.308.

[39] Hatfield MSS, 415.

[40] Epitaph by Thomas Newton dated 1569, published Bibl. Heber, Ed. Collmann, p.59. This in now in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California.

[41] Knollys, Katherine, 6414-6417.

[42] DNB, XI, p.278.

[43] A broadside from 1610 advertising this expedition states that “good artificers and persons of good character would now be gladly accepted” and is preserved; see A Catalogue of A Collection of Printed Broadsides in the Possession of The Society of Antiquaries of London, compiled by Robert Lemon, 1866, British Library shelfmark RAR090.941 AN.

[44] See Family Tree following.

[45] The History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, Vol. II, Edward Wedlake Brayley, 1823, BL Shelfmark HLL283.42132.

[46] Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, DD, Seventh Edition, London, 1890, British Library Shelfmark 1609/6090.

[47] This has proved impossible to verify, although it is plausible. Anne would have wanted her own supporters who were close to her. Her mother, Lady Boleyn, was in the audience. The State Papers (Henry VIII, Vol. 10, 911, May 19, 1536) say there were four attendants, but does not name them. Anne handed her prayer book to Mary Wyatt, the only name known of the four. [Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, London, 1842, Vol. 4, pp.290ff, British Library Shelfmark 10805.b.25; also 1895 Abridged Edition.]

[48] Fuller’s Worthies, i, 433.

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