Задание 3.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

Читайте также:

DNA enzymes are more stable and cheaper to make.
What is the best way to help students with their experiment.
Teaching is not so important as learning.
The more methods we have, the more choices we have.
A much more detailed analysis is required (требуется) to understand the situation.
These schools are much more traditional and less focused on individuals.

Задание 4. Перепишите предложения. Распознайте и выделите неопределенные местоимения или их производные. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

The following article will critically examine some features (особенностей) of American social system.
Nobody is talking about central power stations anymore.
The electorate preferred almost any changes at will (по желанию).
This firm extends insurance (страховка) to anybody, who joins the labour force.
Their biological work stopped somewhere near the midpoint of investigation into the structure of viruses.

Задание 5. Перепишите предложения. Выделите структуру there be. Обратите внимание на временную форму be. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Nowadays there is much talk about human responsibilities.
There will be a tremendous variability (разнообразие) in properties.
In the US there has been a lot of research into direct energy.
For some storms there may be no good precedence.
There are some very interesting ideas in this paper.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, распознайте причастие I и II, определите его функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

There are differences in the philosophy used by social workers in developing countries.
More than 100 million Lee Plugs (переключатель) have been installed in aircraft flying all over the world.
Having invested considerable work in this design (проект, модель), the engineers struggled to retain (сохранить) it in the company’s production line.
Using polarized light, the scientists had found evidence (доказательство) for elongated molecules in living protoplasm.
Several experts supervised (контролировали) the main steam turbine being imported, installed and tested for Mitsubishi.
Most of the engineers employed by the company completed their university education.

Задание 7. Перепишите предложения. Найдите в предложениях глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму в активном и пассивном залоге (Active Voice, Passive Voice). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

This craft will have landed in another location.
By 1912 many types of snow vehicles had been developed.
Participants of the last session explored this unusual seismic activity.
For the past two years, astronomers have been working on a solution, called adaptive optics.
The spacecraft (экипаж) will be observing the Earth and Sun environment using identical instruments.
The vehicle was equipped with a direct-injection engine without an air pump.
The program is already being used at Flight safety international Centre.
These findings are based on the experiment.
Ribozymes were discovered in the early 1980 in living organisms.
Only 5 of this group of objects have been identified.
The hologram can later be read with red light.
By the late 1960s, snowmobile reliability (надежность) had improved greatly.

Задание 8. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведете предложения на русский язык.

They will have to record holograms quickly, preserve them and erase (удалить) old data.
Photonic crystals can help generate light.
We should accept this solution.

4. Ultraviolet light may get absorbed in conventional optical fibers.

The tickets must be purchased 14 days prior to departure (отъезд).
These materials are able to withstand (выдержать) pressures of 500 bars.
A new road is to be built outside the town.

Задание 9.

Прочтите текст.

1. Найдите и переведите

- слова с окончанием -s/-’s,

- цепочки слов (левое определение),

- прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени и сравнительные конструкции,

- структуру there be,

- модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Выпишите, проанализируйте и переведите сказуемые (10).

3. Дайте ответы на поставленные вопросы (письменно).

50^th Arctic Conference

The first Alaska Science Conference was held at a time when Alaska was still a territory with a population of only 127000. Conference organizers were interested in stimulating wider interest in research relating to (относящийся к) the Alaskan area, arctic biology, studying the way (способ) animals and plants dealt with (справляться с) the great changes in north temperature systems.

Today, the importance of Alaskan and arctic research is widely recognized. “Alaska has the potential of becoming a world-class science center”, said George Rogers, professor of the University of Alaska Anchorage. “Today, Alaska remains a source for sea-food and a booming tourist market”.

Many conference sessions looked at publications about Alaska, including climate change, economy, and native place names. Experts on permafrost (вечная мерзлота) and its, effects on life in the North, delivered lectures on earth sciences in Alaska over the last 50years, discussed its history and the important role it will play in the future. Scientists looked at 50 years of ecosystem studies in Alaska, including its formation, booms and decreases in human population, and its ups and downs in economic prosperity. They noted the changes in permafrost, and growth of trees. Their conclusion was, “Alaska is just a place of change”.

Science. Vol.286, 1999, p.977

1. When was the first Alaska Science Conference held?

2. What is the importance of Alaska today?

3. What publications did the 50^th Conference sessions look at?

4. Was the conclusion of the 50^th Arctic Science Conference pessimistic or optimistic?

Вариант 3

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно

a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола Present Simple,

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного,

c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

We can measure the sun’s diameter with great accuracy.
Mali is one of the world’s main users of water pumps.
Kepler’s elliptical astronomy improves the accuracy of tables that predict the positions of planets.
This analysis requires great chemical control.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

Other studies have registered low-latitude climate shifts at about this time.
Ice sheets covered methane origin areas.
Ballistic Research Laboratory and a Quality Control Laboratory tested Enfield ammunition (боеприпасы).

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. A large number of smaller objects orbit the sun in distant regions.

2. The longer the power lines on Earth, the greater the induced current becomes.

3. Their task is more difficult than that of their predecessors (предшественники).

4. The zone beneath northeastern Japan is the coldest.

5. Ultrasound creates better catalyst for cleaning fuels.

6. Opposition to snowmobiling spread (to spread – распространять) as rapidly as they machines themselves.

No type of energy storage facility (устройство) is required.
We knew we had found something important.
Anchorage Airport handles more cargo planes than any other airport in the country.
No one has come up with this idea before.
Engineers know something about the history and traditions of their profession.
Somewhere between the contemporary and the traditional lies the world of possibilities for science and technology.

Задание 5. Перепишите предложения. Выделите структуру there be. Обратите внимание на временную форму глагола be. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

There is no guarantee that the satellite will reach its destination (место назначения).
There are two main theories regarding the origin of the first group of planets.
There have been a number of studies of significant scientific programs.
Is there any danger that this technology could be used against the US?
There was not any manipulating with the numbers.

6. There could be the possibility of applying advanced power-plants (энергоустановки) to the new aircraft.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, распознайте причастие I и II, определите функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. All planets detected so far (пока что, до настоящего времени) are gas giants lacking (to lack – не иметь) a solid surface.

2. The crystals are filtered, rinsed (to rinse – промывать) and dried under vacuum.

3. The researchers used the data from the Japanese satellite, launched in 2001.

4. The company is developing an application process for its products.

5. This engineer is a respected academician in a technical field.

6. This system being designed by Electronics of Montreal Company will be the first system used on a helicopter.

Задание 7. Перепишите предложения. Найдите в предложениях глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму в активном и пассивном залоге (Active Voice, Passive Voice).

The author offers a long list of basic differences between nature’s and man’s technologies.
In 1815, the company planned to connect the rivers Danube and Main by a railroad.
Static electricity was used in the earliest systems.
Mc Donnel Douglas will have launched 10 satellites by the end of this year.
The crew of five in the orbiter Discovery will fly a four-day mission.
Some snowmobiles broke down frequently.
Little has been written about the railroads in the twentieth century.
Japan’s investment in research has reached record level.
Details will be revealed next month.
The northern winter had long been associated with silence.
The (single-engined) A 119 Koala helicopter will be certified by the Italian aviation authorities next month.
Expert sales (количество продаж) are now being predicted by manufacturers as more than 400.

Задание 8. Перепишите предложения. Выделите в каждом из них модальный глагол или эквивалент. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

The four aircraft are to be powered by Pratt and Whitney engines.
We won’t be able to join the forces with Rolls-Royce.
You have to agree that the view (вид) from the top floor of the Eiffel Tower is outstanding.
The United States and Canada were to build a highway to connect Alaska to the other 48 states.
The hologram could be read with red light.
Map users may not know how easily maps can deceive or distort.
They had to be suited (to suit – приспособить) to the gigantic volumes of goods produced by industries.

Задание 9.

Прочтите текст.

1. Найдите и переведите

- слова с окончанием -s/-’s,

- цепочки слов (левое определение),

- прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени и сравнительные конструкции,

- структуру there be,

- модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Выпишите, проанализируйте и переведите сказуемые (10).

3. Дайте ответы на поставленные вопросы (письменно).

Cathedrals as Astronomical Instruments after Van Helden

The story of the revolution in astronomy that Nicolas Copernicus began in 1543 is well known. Copernicus put the sun in the center of the planetary orbits. Kepler made the orbits into ellipses. Galileo discovered new things in the solar system in support of Copernicus. And Newton tied the new astronomy together with the new physics. Astronomy and cosmology were dangerous subjects in Italy after the trial (суд) of Galileo.

In the 15^th century, the humanist Paolo Toscanelli installed a short north-south line close to the altar of Florence’s great cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Near the summer solstice (солнцестояние), the sun’s image, projected through a hole in a window in the cathedral’s lantern (фонарь) 90 m above the floor, crosses the line. Toscanelli hoped to use this meridian to discover changes in the inclination (наклон) of Earth’s axis.

A century later, the cosmographer Ignatio Danti constructed a small meridian in Florence’s Santa Maria Novella and then a bigger one in Bologna’s San Petronio. This latter (последний) became the central instrument in the reform of precision astronomy during the 17^th century. The improved meridian of San Petronio became an instrument to solve practical astronomical problems. For instance, it could measure the sun’s diameter with sufficient accuracy to show that the Earth’s orbit needed to be halved from its traditional value.

Danti’s original aim had been to determine the length of the tropical year to aid in the correction of the calendar. Indeed, properly performed meridian lines were the most accurate position – measuring instruments. Their measurements were confirmed by transit theodolites late in the 18^th century.

Science, vol. 286, 1999.

Questions to be answered in writing:

1. Who and when began the revolution in astronomy?

2. What is the general concept of the revolution as presented by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton?

3. How was the first meridian constructed in a Florence’s great cathedral and what for?

4. What was the central instrument in the reform of precision astronomy during the 17^th century?

Вариант 4

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно

a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола Present Simple,

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного,

c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

The mechanism includes stationary housing (муфта) and two moving parts.
Researchers can track the position of the fields on the sun’s surface.
These modifications reduce a total weight of the cars.
The National Gallery includes paintings from British, Spanish and French schools.

A baby mammoth was found in permafrost block in 1977.
That storm took place during the last peak of the sun’s activity cycle.
Machine tool makers in Taiwan may begin competing in world markets.

These steel sheets are as thin as 0,040 in (1mm).
The results were less severe than initially expected.
Compromise serves the interests of nature better than confrontation.
The more complex the system, the more robust the software must be.
The biggest highway project in the city was stopped.
Experience was as important as science in developing the steam turbine.

Siemens sponsored some methodological research into physical science application.
No one knew how many bad tubes there were.
Not any firm (твердый) decisions have been taken yet.
Almost anyone used the Web for research and for communication via e-mail.
No explanation is provided anywhere.

Is there any great variability in properties of these regions?
There are three manufacturers of acoustic equipment in Sweden.
There will be more detailed information on volcano history from intensive geologic studies.
In the last decade there has been an increasing interest for financial support (поддержка) of the poor.
There was no delay.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, распознайте причастие I и II, определите его функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

The people involved are not going to give up easily.
Five years ago, a group of Stanford University, demonstrated a data storage system based on holograms.
The International Telecommunication Satellite Organization has 14 operating satellites and a spacecraft launched last week.
The A-12 is a new aircraft program being reviewed by the Pentagon.
Additional Mirages and one Cheyenne 3A are being completed for delivery (доставка) this week.
Engineers wanted answers faster than workers could supply them using available technologies.
When looking at the events (события) of those years, you feel that the diplomats worked at one speed, while international politics changed much faster.

The map will help engineers design safer buildings.
A time dependent relation (уравнение) has been proposed by Kapsner.
I developed some ideas of my own.
The accident was analyzed and problems fixed.
Many boys did not have a toy so memorable as an electric train.
Hawker is meeting with Japanese officials next month.
The oil engine quickly replaced the gas engine.
The bullet is also being acted upon by air pressure and by the temperature.
The participants of the Conference brought along the ideas and solutions that had been developed in their home environment.
The new aircraft will be delivered in October and put into service in November this year.
The new more accurate information is transmitted to users via two Earth stations in Italy and France.
Why do satellites break down in space when we have advanced technically so much?

This centre is to provide service for military aircraft.
These materials can preserve holograms for long periods.
This idea should be a component of all professional development programs.
Aerospace engineers will be able to solve many difficult aerodynamic problems.
A modified receiver is needed to avoid (избежать) interference from new radio stations.
Mitsubishi’s learning process must have included both scientific and technical aspects.
There may be an element of truth in these.

Задание 9.

Прочтите текст.

1. Найдите и переведите

- слова с окончанием -s/-’s,

- цепочки слов (левое определение),

- прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени и сравнительные конструкции,

- структуру there be,

- модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Выпишите, проанализируйте и переведите сказуемые (10).

3. Дайте ответы на поставленные вопросы (письменно).

Renewable Energy

(to renew – возобновлять; восстанавливать)

When you plug an electrical appliance (электроприбор) into the wall socket, do you know where the electricity comes from? Probably, from the local power company. But how does the company generate the electricity you use at home? Like most power companies, it produces electrical power by burning fossil fuels (минеральное топливо) – coal, natural gas, or oil – to make steam, which turns turbines to generate electricity at the power plant. To take one example of dependence on these three types of fossil fuel, in the United States, 88 % (per cent) of all the electricity generated come from coal, natural gas, and oil. They are non-renewable fuels, originating from organic matter of the late Paleozoic Era (several hundred million years ago). As most scientists estimate, they will run out (заканчиваться) during this century. When coal, natural gas and oil supplies are depleted, how will people see at night? What will power their cars, airplanes, buses and trains? What will provide electricity for their computers and factories?

Fortunately, there are renewable, alternative sources of energy for electricity and transportation that have well-developed technology. There are six sources of energy as alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels:

solar (energy from the sun’s rays),
wind (energy from moving air),
geothermal (energy from heat inside the earth),
modern biomass (energy from plant and animal residue (органические отходы),
ocean (energy from seawater movement and temperature changes),
small hydroelectric (energy from small dams, such as those filled by melting snow).

After Kent S. Markle – Forum, 2002, vol. 40, № 4, р. 47-48.

Questions to be answered in writing:

How is electricity generated?
What kind of fuel does the humanity (человечество) depend on in its civilization?
What are non-renewable fuels and what is their origin?
What are renewable energy sources?

Вариант 5

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно

a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола Present Simple,

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного,

c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

If the vibrations are chaotic, prediction becomes impossible.
Economic system reflects a nation’s environmental resources.
The Government analyzes the performance of the country’s economy.
The company’s numerous errors contributed (способствовать) to the cable’s malfunction (дисфункция).

Most class A inclusions contain diamonds.
Low-energy electron impact (воздействие) can ionize atoms and molecules.
The Channel Tunnel high-speed railway link makes it possible to travel from London to Paris in under three hours.

The most interesting data come out of the school investigation of the project.
It is the best specimen (образец) that we have ever seen.
Taiwan has the lowest foreign debt.
Smaller aircraft will be less profitable for manufacturers.
The lighter is the bullet, the lower tends it to fire.
Old “high wheeler” bicycles were almost as tall as riders.

Our studio was quite good when no one was talking outside and no doors were banging (to bang – хлопать).
Particles from space can disrupt some radio communication.
You cannot say anything about the system.
This indicates our competitiveness (конкурентоспособность) anywhere in the world.
This book is oriented at anyone interested in ships and shipbuilding.

Were there any significant differences?
There has been a learning process accompanying this technology transfer (переход, изменения).
For some storms there may be no good precedence.
There are air taxis that take residents and tourists to isolated areas and pick them up later.
Apart from development of lumber (лесоперерабатывающий) industries, there will be other possible sources of biomass.

They are working with existing (to exist – существовать) materials, looking for ways (a way – способ, путь) to preserve holograms longer.
All planets detected so far (пока что) are gas giants lacking (to lack – не доставать, не иметь) a solid surface.
When questioned, the secretary denied knowledge of it.
Developing nations will rely primarily on fossil (твердый, окаменевший) fuels for industrialization.
Improved (to improve – улучшать) combustion processes and emission controls are needed.
Having finished the experiment, the students left the laboratory.

Задание 7. Перепишите предложения. Найдите в предложениях глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму в активном или пассивном залоге (Active Voice, Passive Voice).

Now we are determining the chemical structure of some hydrogels.
They will be reporting on these techniques elsewhere (в другом журнале).
In about 1979 Philip Holmes gave a lecture on his research into chaotic dynamics.
We had been working as this problem for four or five years before it suddenly became quite popular.
Fluids flowing through tubes often cause vibrations.
The researchers have given little thought to basic business problems.
This Bill (законопроект) was introduced into Parliament in 1989.
These problems have been treated more successfully in the US and Japan.
The street plan will have been interpreted (интерпретировать, понимать) as consensus in favour of (в пользу) highways.
The book is offered as a student text, and it will serve this purpose well.
The bullet (пуля) is constantly being pressed down by gravity.
By 1958, the U.S. had begun to consume (потреблять) more fuel of various kinds than it produced.

This book ought to be compulsory reading for students studying artificial intelligence.
Water use must be carefully managed on a global basis.
A dynamic system can become chaotic.
Engineers and management personnel had to overcome many problems.
Visitors of a conference will be able to watch simulated (to simulate – моделировать) cyber-attacks.
The tube may vibrate but it won’t break.
This centre is to provide service for military aircraft.

Задание 9.

Прочтите текст.

1. Найдите и переведите

- слова с окончанием -s/-’s,

- цепочки слов (левое определение),

- прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени и сравнительные конструкции,

- структуру there be,

- модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Выпишите, проанализируйте и переведите сказуемые (10).

3. Дайте ответы на поставленные вопросы (письменно).

First Wright Brothers’ Flight

From 1900 to 1902 the Wright brothers tested a series of gliders (планеры) at Kill Devil Hills, a location chosen primarily for its steady winds.

For many people, December 17^th, may have seemed like another winter morning in North Carolina – but for Orville and Wilbur Wright, it was a perfect day to fly. On that clear day in 1903, the Wrights successfully tested their newest invention: a flyer (самолёт) with a four-cylinder engine. During the first flight, the craft was only air-born for 12 seconds and travelled 120 feet, but three even more successful flights followed later that day, and what the brothers have achieved would forever change the world: the first controlled, powered flight in a heavier than air flying machine.

The Wrights’ hometown of Dayton, Ohio, acknowledged their accomplishment (свершение) in June, 1909 with a two-day celebration that included parades, a banquet, medal-granting, ceremonies, and fireworks. Although Orville and Wilbur were modest (and unaccustomed to such accolades), it was clear that fame was bound (обязательно) to be a part of their life. Their friend and aviation expert Octave Chanute wrote to them: “I know that the reception of such honors becomes oppressive to modest men, but in this case you have brought the trouble upon yourselves by completing the solution of a world-old problem.”

A stamp, issued in May 22^nd, 2003, in Dayton, Ohio, commemorates the centennial of the Wrights’ incredible accomplishment. It depicts Orville at the controls of the Wright flyer.

Forum, 2004, vol. 42, № 1, р. 57.

Questions to be answered in writing:

What was tested at Kill Devil Hills in December, 1903?
How was the great achievement of Wright brothers celebrated in their hometown of Dayton, Ohio?
Why did fame become an integral part of their life?
In what way was the centennial of the Wrights’ accomplishment commemorated in 2003?

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