Cardiovascular diseases

17. What is the structure of cardiovascular system?

Cardiovascular system consist of: heart, blood, blood vessels

18. Speak on the heart and it structure

The heart is a muscular organ placed in the chest, under the pericardium.

Heart consist of 4 chambers: 2 atriums and 2 ventricles, divided by the septums.

There are 4 valves: mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, aortic.

There are 3 layers in the heart: endocardium mayocardium epicardium + (pericardium)

19. Describe the blood circulation the human body

There are 2 types of circulation: pulmonary, systemic

Pulmonary:

R. ventricle (non-oxygen blood) → pulm. arteria → lungs → blood is oxygenating → pulm. vein (oxygenated blood) →L. atrium

Systemic:

L. ventricle (oxygenated blood) → aorta → arteries, arterioles, capillaries → blood supply tissues by oxygen → venules, veins (non-oxygen blood) → R atrium

20. What are the phases of heart work?

There are 3 phases of heart work:

1) atrial systole (pushing blood from atrium to ventricles)

2) ventricular systole (pushing blood from ventricles to vessles)

3) diastole (relaxing of heart – blood returns to atriums)

21. Name and define the most common cardiocvascular diseases.

1) Myocardial infarction – condition, when the part of heart muscle dies as a result of blocking a coronary arteries

2) Angina pectoris – chest pain uster stress or physical exercises – as a result of ischemia of heart muscle

3) Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries by fatty substances (cholesterol, calcium, inflammatory cells)

4) Stroke – hemorrhage in brain – leads to mental, speech disorders, paralysis)

5) Hypertension – high blood pressure

6) Hypotension – low blood pressure

22.What is myocardial infarction? What may be the cause of it?

MI – is a condition, when the part of heart muscle dies as a result of blocking a coronary arteries

Cause: primary hypertension

23.What are the most characteristic complaints in MI?

The most characteristic complain is: Substernal pain (squeezing, pressing, constructing), irradiating pain, arrhythmia, murmurs, high pressure → falls down, noisia, vomiting, sweting.

24.What is the most prominent symptoms of hypertension?

The most prominent symptoms are: high blood pressure, nose bleeding, hemorrhage, headache, dizziness, palpitation, insomnia, noisia, vomiting, fatigue

25.What are the most frequent complications of hypertension?

The most frequent complications are: MI, heart failure, kidney failure, stroke, atherosclerosis, blurred vision

26.What is the difference in clinical picture of MI and angina pectoris?

MIAP

1) Pain – irradiating(constricting, pressing, squeezing) localized, sharp, knifelike

2) Duration of pain – 60min 5-30 min

3) Nitoglycerin reaction – «+» Pain is stopping «-» Pain is not stopping, need morphine

27.What measures should one take to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases?

1) Avoid fat food

2) Exclude smoking and drinking

3) Avoid emotional stresses

4) Do physical exercises

5) Keep under control blood pressure

28.How to arrest angina pectoris attack?

To arrest AP-attack you should use:

1) Nytroglycerin drugs sunlingual to atop the pain

2) Beta-adreno-blockator drugs to arrest attack

29.What is the treatment of MI?

1) Drugs to stop the pain (morphine)

2) Vasodilators

3) Oxygen supplying

4) B-adreno-blockator drugs

Дата добавления: 2015-07-15