Bologna process

The purpose of the Bologna process (or Bologna accords) is to create the European higher education area by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe. It is named after the place it was proposed, the University of Bologna with the signing, in 1999, of the Bologna declaration by ministers of education from 29 European countries in the Italian city of Bologna. This was opened up to other countries signatory to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, and further governmental meetings have been held in Prague (2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005) and London in spring 2007.

Before the signing of the Bologna declaration, the Magna Carta Universitatum had been issued at a meeting of university rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna - and thus of European universities - in 1988. One year before the Bologna declaration, education ministers from France, Germany, Italy and the UK signed the Sorbonne declaration in Paris 1998, committing them to "harmonising the architecture of the European Higher Education system". French officials in particular therefore often refer to the La Sorbonne/Bologna process.

The Council of Europe and UNESCO have jointly issued the Lisbon recognition convention on recognition of academic qualifications as part of the process, which has been ratified by the majority of the countries party to the Bologna process.

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the Bologna process?

2. Why is it called “Bologna process”?

3. What was the year before the Bologna declaration?

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням.

Art Schools

The Metropolitan School of Art began as an academy esta- blished in 1746 by the Royal Dublin Society, for the promotion of drawing and painting. During the first hundred years of the School"s existence,instruction was free of charge;and the four departments of figure drawing,landscape and ornament,architec- ture,and modeling,provided courses useful to sculptors, embro- iderers, weavers, printers, silversmith and workers in other crafts.In the ninteenth century, the School was successively under the control of the Royal Dublin Society, the Board of trade, the Department of Science and Art,and the Department of Agroculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Following it"s transfer to the last-named body, classes were established in the principal artistic crafts, including metalwork and ene- melling, mosaic, embroidery and woodcarving. The School also aquired a high reputation for it"s part in the development of stained glass and for the felicitous influence which,under the guidance of Sir William Orpen, it exerted on painting in Ire- land. In 1924, control was assumed by the Department of Educa- tion; an extension and development of the School, was establi- shed. The National College of Art is the principal institution of the sistem of Art Education in Ireland as administered by the Departmentt of Education. It"s general purpose is to pro- mote the advancement of Art,to advocate and maintain the high- est artistic values in national culture, and to combine artis- tic design with practical skill in the interests of industry. There are three schools; the School of Design, the School of Painting and the School of Sculpture,with a Preliminary School, which includes an Upper and a Lower Division. In ths way, the College provides for the study of the Fine Arts and of the De- corative Arts and Crafts, and for the training of Art teachers eligible for employment in post-primary schools. The College has working arrangements with University ColIege Dublin and with the Bolton Street School of Technology. It olso maintains liaison with the National Library,the National Museum, and the National Gellery of Ireland. Outside Dublin,whole-time day course and part-time evening courses are provided ay the Crawford School of Art, Cork, and the Schools of Art in Limerick and Waterford. To foster the study of the History of Art, Miss Sarah Pur- ser and Sir John Purser Griffith established,in 1934,two equal funds, one to be administered by Trinity College,and the other by University College Dublin, the income from which provides Travelling Scoolarships. and prizes to be competed for every year, alrtenately in each University. Extra-mural courses are given at University College Dublin,which College also provides courses leading to a degree in the History of European Paint- ing taken with another subject. Lectures are also provided, mainly for post-primary students, in the National Gallery.

Ex. 1. Translate the given text. Prepare for a discussion: Art School of My Dream.

Граматичний матеріал: Ступені порівняння прикметників/прислівників.

Comparison 1 (cheaper, more expensive etc.)

Study these examples:
How shall we travel? By car or by train?
Let's go by car. It's cheaper.
Don't go by train. It's more expensive.
Cheaper and more expensive are comparative forms.
After comparatives you can use than:
• It's cheaper to go by car than by train.
• Going by train is more expensive than going by car.

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Дата добавления: 2015-07-12