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Обозначают отношение к действию, а не само действие и выступают в паре со смысловым глаголом. Модальные глаголы называют недостаточными, т. к. они не имеют ряда признаков и форм глагола: инфинитива, причастия, окончания -s в 3 л. ед. ч. наст. вр., не употребляются со вспомогательными временными формами Past и Future (для глаг. can,
may, must используются эквиваленты), не употребляются в пассиве, не употребляются с to ни до, ни после модальных глаг. (исключ. ought to, used to).
Модальные глаголы образуют вопрос без вспомогательного глагола to do.
Can I read it? May I go out? Must we write?
я | умение, способность, | You can do it. |
возможность, разреше | You could do it. | |
ние, просьба в вежливой | You will be able to | |
форме | do it. | |
>> | разрешение, при not — | We may go. |
в | запрещение; предполо | We might go. |
жение с сомнением | We will be allowed to | |
go. | ||
« | обязанность, долженст | We must do it. |
вование, твердая необ | We had to do it. | |
В | ходимость, логическое | We will have to do it. |
заключение | ||
s | намерение, предполо | I shall do it. |
жение | I should do it. | |
желание; воля; уве | I will go there. | |
1 | ренность в будущем | I would go there. |
S | моральный долг; нас | You ought to write |
•** •a | тоятельный совет; стро | this letter. |
§ | гая рекомендация | |
•s | отсутствие необходи | Need he work so |
« a | мости, необязатель | late? We need not |
ность | have hurried. | |
сметь, посметь (в | How dare you speak | |
вопросе и в отрица | to me? | |
нии: не сметь); дерз | He dare not tell it to | |
нуть, осмелиться | me. | |
Ј | бывало (повторявше | He used to live in |
•9 | еся в прошлом дейст | London. |
§ | вие) | |
•a | обязанность (слабее, | He should not |
§ | чем "must"), совет, ре | smoke so much. You |
•g | комендация, упрек, по | should not cut your |
рицание, сожаление | hair. | |
S | желание (с глаг. "like"), | Would you like to |
"3 | вежливая просьба; | come again? Would |
прошлая привычка | you mind coming | |
again? |
Глагол. The verb |
Окончание | to buy | bought | bought | buying | ||
to catch | caught | caught | catching | |||
s | вынужденность | I have to do it. | to choose | chose | chosen | choosing |
&> | I had to do it yester | to cut | cut | cut | cutting | |
I | day. I'll have to do it | to do | did | done | doing | |
tomorrow. | to draw | drew | drawn | drawing | ||
s | обязанность согласно | I am to read it. | to drink to drive | drank drove | drunk driven | drinking driving |
s | плану, договоренности | I was to read it. I shall be to read it | to eat to fall | ate fell | eaten fallen | eating falling |
English. | ||||||
to feed | fed | fed | feeding | |||
••! | to find | found | found | finding | ||
to fly | flew | flown | flying | |||
* в вите "Me | современном языке must уп льное. English is a must f rcedes" is a must for a well-1 | отребляется как сущест-or educated people now. o-do businessman. | to forget to get | forgot got | forgotten got | forgetting getting |
to give | gave | given | giving | |||
to go | went | gone | going | |||
Основные формы глаг | ола. Verb forms | to grow | grew | grown | growing | |
to hang | hung | hung | hanging | |||
Все | глаголы, кроме модальнъ | их, имеют 4 основные | to have | had | had | having |
форк | ды: | to hear | heard | heard | hearing | |
I I | 1нфинитив, обычно с х | частицей to: to read, | to hit | hit | hit | hitting |
t | ,о pass... читать, передав | ать... | to hold | held | held | holding |
II < | >орма прошедшего вред | мени, образуется при- | to know | knew | known | knowing |
с | оединением -ed к I ф. (б | ез to) для правильных | to lay | laid | laid | laying |
r | ^лаголов: passed (переда | 1л), opened (открыл). | to lead | led | led | leading |
I | }не этого правила образо | вание II происходит у | to leave | left | left | leaving |
к | яногих глаголов, называ | емых поэтому непра- | to lend | lent | lent | lending |
E | вильными (см. ниже). | to let | let | let | letting | |
to lie | lay | lain | lying | |||
Ш I | 1ричастие II (причасти | е прошедшего време- | to lose | lost | lost | losing |
i | т), образуется прибавл | ением •ed к правиль- | to make | made | made | making |
i | чым глаголам (неправиль | >ные глаголы: см. таб- | to meet | met | met | meeting |
J | пицу): | to pay | paid | paid | paying | |
S | isked — спросив | ieard — услышав | to put | put | put | putting |
С | opened — открыв | mown — узнав | to read | read | read | reading |
IV I | 1ричастие I (причастие | настоящего времени), | to ride | rode | ridden | riding |
с | ?бразуется прибавлением | i -ing ко всем глаго- | to ring | rang | rung | ringing |
J | гам: | to rise | rose | risen | rising | |
G | isking — спрашивая | opening — открывая | to run | ran | run | running |
r | reading — читая | speaking — говоря | to say | said | said | saying |
to see | saw | seen | seeing | |||
to sell | sold | sold | selling | |||
Формы неправильн | ых глаголов | to send | sent | sent | sending | |
I | II III | IV | to set | set | set | setting |
to shake | shook | shaken | shaking | |||
to | arise arose ari | sen arising | to shine | shone | shone | shining |
to | awake awoke aw | aked awaking | to shoot | shot | shot | shooting |
- to | be was/were bee | n being | to show | showed | shown | showing |
to | begin began beg | un beginning | to sing | sang | sung | singing |
to | bend bent ben | it bending | to sink | sank | sunk | sinking |
to | blow blew blo | wn blowing | to sit | sat | sat | sitting |
to | break broke bro | ken breaking | to sleep | slept | slept | sleeping |
to | bring brought bro | ught bringing | to speak | spoke | spoken | speaking |
to | build built bui | It building | to spend | spent | spent | spending |
Дата добавления: 2015-12-07; просмотров: 69 | Нарушение авторских прав