Text 2. Great Britain

The United Kindom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The long title of the country is the result of its com­plicated history. The British Isles consist of two large islands: Great Britain and Ireland, and about 5 thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,046 sq. km. The UK is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ire­land. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. Great Britain contains England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech «Great Britain» is used to mean the United Kingdom.

The British national flag is the Union Jack. It combines the red cross of St. George (England), the red diagonal cross of St Patrick (Ireland) and the white diagonal cross — on a blue back­ground — of St. Andrew (Scotland).

The capital of the UK is London. London is the world's 7th biggest city. It's one of the biggest commercial centres and ports of the world. It's also an important political, cultural and educa­tional centre. The largest cities of Great Britain are Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Leeds.

The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. There is a dramatic contrast between «highland» and «lowland» Britain.

Highland Britain consists of Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennines, the Lake District. The Lake District contains the beautiful lakes that give it its name. This district is widely known for its asso­ciation with the history of English literature and especially with the name of William Wordsworth, the founder of the Lake School of Poets. Lowland Britain comprises southern and eastern England.

Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m). There are a lot of rivers in Great Brit­ain but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The Thames flows through London and makes it a large seaport, though London is 84 km away from the sea.

The climate of Great Britain is mild, humid and changeable. The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the weather on the British Isles. The summers are cool and rainy; the winters are not very cold. This humid and mild climate is good for plants. The UK is one of the world's smaller countries. Its population is over 60 million. About 80 % of the population is urban. The official language of the country is English, though in Wales people speak Welsh that is different from English, while the Scottish dialect differs little from English.

The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipments. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding, There are many big industrial cities in Britain, such as Birmingham and Sheffield, Manchester and Liverpool (the biggest centres of textile indus­try), Cardiff and others.

The UK is a constitutional monarchy. The Head of the State is a monarch. The monarchy is hereditary. The present British monarch is Queen Elizabeth II. She suc­ceeded to the throne in 1952.

Laws are made by Par­liament, which consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The main parties are the Conservative Party, the La­bour Party and the Liberal Party. The Conservative Party is the ruling party nowadays. The Prime Minister is David Cameron. (For more information see Supplementary, text 1.)

Answer the questions:

1. How many countries make up the UK?

2. What is the capital of the UK (Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland)?

3. What is the name of the British flag? What do its elements symbolise?

4. What languages are spoken in the UK?

5. Is Great Britain a republic?

6. What, do you think, makes Great Britain a special country?

UNIT 3

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