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Climate change
2. accumulation
3. to affect
4. agricultural zones
5. carbon dioxide
6. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
7. climate change
8. climatic zone
9. concentration
10. crop (yields)
11. to cut down trees
12. deforestation
13. desertification
14. to degrade
15. to deplete
16. drought
17. ecosystem
18. environment
19. flood
20. fresh water supplies
21. glacier
22. global warming
23. greenhouse effect
24. greenhouse gases
25. lower atmosphere
26. mean surface temperature
27. to melt, melting
28. to perturb
29. polar ice caps
30. pole
31. potable water
32. precipitation
33. rainfall
34. raw water supplies
35. sanitation
36. sea level (rise)
37. shift
38. storms
39. vulnerability
Pollution
1. aerosol sprays
2. agricultural wastes
3. anthropogenic
4. buildup
5. to burn waste
6. to bury, burial
7. byproducts
8. chemical fertilizer
9. chemical reaction
10. chemicals
11. to classify
12. to compost
13. concern
14. container
15. contamination
16. DDT
17. to deposit
18. dump
19. to emit, emission
20. environmental movement
21. flammable
22. fumes
23. garbage
24. groundwater
25. harmful substances
26. hazardous
27. to incinerate, incinerator
28. industrial wastes
29. internal combustion engine
30. land pollution
31. landfill
32. to leak, leakage
33. motor vehicle
34. nuclear wastes
35. pests
36. pollutant
37. pollution control technologies
38. radioactive
39. to recycle wastes
40. refuse
41. to release
42. repository
43. respiratory disease
44. rubbish
45. sewage
46. sewage-treatment solids
47. sewer (systems)
48. solid wastes
49. to store waste
50. sulfur
51. toxic wastes
Species Extinction
1. to accelerate
2. ancestral
3. to become extinct, extinction
4. breeding programs
5. descendant
6. to die out
7. endangered species
8. evolution
9. game (species)
10. habitat
11. in the wild
12. line
13. living organism
14. national park
15. natural selection
16. overexploitation of biological resources
17. overhunting
18. poaching
19. preserve
20. Red Data Book
21. reintroduction
22. to reproduce
23. reserve
24. species
25. species loss
26. specimen
27. to be suited
28. to survive
29. viable population
30. wildlife
Alternative Sources of Energy
1. active volcanism
2. carbon dioxide
3. coal
4. coastal regions
5. coastal waters
6. combustion
7. electric power
8. exploit sources
9. fossil fuels
10. gasoline
11. generate electricity
12. generator
13. geothermal energy
14. geyser
15. hot springs
16. hydrocarbons
17. hydroelectric power
18. inexhaustible
19. land drainage
20. natural gas
21. nonpolluting
22. nuclear energy
23. oil
24. petroleum
25. pollution-free sources
26. power plant
27. power sources
28. to produce electric power
29. to radiate, radiation
30. to refine oil
31. renewable energy
32. solar batteries
33. solar energy
34. solar heating systems
35. steam
36. tidal power
37. uranium
38. utilization
39. water turbines
40. wave power
41. wind power
42. wind turbines
43. windmill
CLIMATE CHANGE
Before you read think over the following questions:
- What are the most important environmental problems nowadays?
- Why have all countries got concerned about climate change?
- What is being done bythe internationa community to prevent negative consequences of climate change for our planet?
Human societies over the ages have depleted natural resources and degraded their local environments. Populations have also modified their local climates by cutting down trees or building cities. It is now apparent that human activities are perturbing the climate system at the global scale. Climate change is likely to have wide-ranging and potentially serious health consequences.
Global climate change is caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere. The global concentration of these gases is increasing, mainly due to human activities, such as the combustion of fossil fuels (which release carbon dioxide) and deforestation (because forests remove carbon from the atmosphere). The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, has increased by 30 percent since preindustrial times. This phenomenon is traditionally called greenhouse effect.
It is estimated that global mean surface temperature will rise by 1.5° to 3.5° C by 2100. This rate of global warming is significant. Large changes in precipitation, both increases and decreases, are forecast, largely in the tropics. Climate change is very likely to affect the frequency and intensity of weather events, such as storms and floods, around the world. Climate change will also cause sea level rise due to the thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of the mountain glaciers and polar ice caps. Global mean sea level is anticipated to rise by 15 to 95 centimeters by 2100. Sea level rise will increase vulnerability to coastal flooding and storm surges. The faster the climate change is, the greater will be the risk of damage to the environment. Climatic zones (and thus ecosystems and agricultural zones) could shift toward the pole s by 150 to 550 kilometers by 2100. Many ecosystems may decline or fragment, and individual species may become extinct.
Climate change will increase the risk of both floods and droughts. It may affect human health dramatically. Human health depends on an adequate supply of potable water. By reducing fresh water supplies, climate change may affect sanitation and lower the efficiency of local sewer systems, leading to increased concentrations of pathogens in raw water supplies. Climate change may also reduce the water available for drinking and washing. Current assessments of the impact of climate change indicate that some regions are likely to benefit from increased agricultural productivity while others may suffer reductions, according to their location and dependence on the agricultural sector. Substantial changes in crop yields under climate change are also predicted.
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